Physics of Solids – 100 Advanced & Numerical with Answers & Explanations

100 Advanced & Numerical MCQs (Level -2) on Physics of Solids, Physics (Unit-Wise MCQs Practice):
👉Physics MCQs Hub – Unit wise Physics MCQs Practice (Main-Page)👈
Whether you are preparing for board examinations, chapter tests, college assessments, or competitive entrance exams (MDCAT, ECAT, NUST, PIEAS, GIKI, UET, FAST, and other engineering or medical admission tests), this comprehensive MCQ collection is designed to help you master Physics of Solids. The questions are arranged progressively—from basic concepts to advanced numerical problems and higher-order thinking—ensuring complete and systematic preparation for every type of examination.
This chapter-wise MCQ collection includes:
100 Basic MCQs Level-1 (1–100) – Covering crystal structure, elasticity, stress, strain, elastic moduli, energy band theory, semiconductors, magnetism, superconductivity, and other fundamental concepts.
100 Advanced & Numerical MCQs (101–200) – Focusing on elasticity calculations, stress-strain analysis, strain energy, semiconductor numericals, superconductivity, and practical applications.
50 Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) MCQs (201–250) – Designed to develop analytical reasoning, conceptual understanding, graph interpretation, and application-based problem-solving.
50 Challenging MCQs Quiz with Answers – A carefully selected mix of conceptual, numerical, and HOTS questions for quick revision, self-assessment, and exam preparation.
This MCQ collection covers:
Classification and crystal structure of solids
Elasticity, stress, strain, and Hooke's law
Young's, Bulk, and Shear Modulus
Stress-strain curve and strain energy
Energy band theory
Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors
Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
Superconductivity and Meissner Effect
Diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and ferromagnetism
Magnetic hysteresis, retentivity, coercivity, and magnetic materials
Every MCQ includes the correct answer with a clear, concept-based explanation to strengthen understanding, improve problem-solving skills, and reinforce key physics concepts.
This question bank helps students to:
Build a strong conceptual foundation
Master elasticity and mechanical properties of solids
Improve numerical and analytical skills
Understand semiconductors, superconductivity, and magnetism
Increase speed, accuracy, and confidence in objective-type questions
Prepare effectively for both board examinations and competitive entrance tests
With 250 carefully selected MCQs arranged into 100 Basic, 100 Advanced & Numerical, and 50 HOTS questions, plus a 50 Challenging MCQs Quiz, this all-in-one MCQ bank provides complete preparation for Physics of Solids and is an excellent resource for Board Exams, MDCAT, ECAT, NUST, PIEAS, GIKI, UET, FAST, and other engineering and medical entrance examinations.
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Physics of Solids MCQs Level 2 – 100 Advanced & Numerical MCQs (MCQs 101–200)

MCQ No. 101

A steel wire of original length 2.0 m is stretched by 2 mm. The longitudinal strain is:

(a) $1 \times 10^{-2}$

(b) $1 \times 10^{-3}$

(d) $1 \times 10^{-5}$

Correct answer: (b) $1 \times 10^{-3}$

Explanation:

\text{Strain}=\frac{\Delta L}{L}=\frac{2\times10^{-3}}{2}=1\times10^{-3}

MCQ No. 102

A force of 500 N acts on a wire having a cross-sectional area of 5 × 10⁻⁵ m². The stress produced is:

(a) $1\times10^6$

(b) $1\times10^7$

(d) $5\times10^7$

Correct answer: (b) $1\times10^7$

Explanation:

\text{Stress}=\frac{F}{A}=\frac{500}{5\times10^{-5}} =1\times10^7\text{ Pa}

MCQ No. 103

If the stress in a wire is doubled while remaining within the elastic limit, the strain will:

(a) Become half

(b) Double

(d) Remain unchanged

Correct answer: (b) Double

Explanation: According to Hooke's law, stress is directly proportional to strain within the elastic limit.

MCQ No. 104

Young's modulus of a material is 2 × 10¹¹ Pa. If the stress applied is 4 × 10⁸ Pa, the strain produced is:

(a) 0.002

(b) 0.02

(d) 2

Correct answer: (a) 0.002

Explanation:

\text{Strain}=\frac{\text{Stress}}{Y} =\frac{4\times10^8}{2\times10^{11}} =2\times10^{-3}=0.002

MCQ No. 105

The SI unit of Young's modulus is:

(a) N

(b) J

(d) W

Correct answer: (c) Pa

Explanation: Young's modulus is the ratio of stress to strain; therefore, its SI unit is pascal (Pa).

MCQ No. 106

If the original length of a rod is 5 m and it extends by 5 mm, the strain is:

(a) 0.001

(b) 0.01

(d) 0.1

Correct answer: (a) 0.001

Explanation:

\frac{5\times10^{-3}}{5}=10^{-3}=0.001

MCQ No. 107

A wire experiences a stress of 6 × 10⁷ Pa and develops a strain of 3 × 10⁻⁴. The Young's modulus is:

(a) $2\times10^{10}$

(b) $2\times10^{11}$

(d) $6\times10^{11}$

Correct answer: (b) $2\times10^{11}$

Explanation:

Y=\frac{\text{Stress}}{\text{Strain}} =\frac{6\times10^7}{3\times10^{-4}} =2\times10^{11}\text{ Pa}

MCQ No. 108

The stress produced in a body depends upon:

(a) Area only

(b) Force only

(d) Length only

Correct answer: (c) Both force and area

Explanation: Stress is defined as force per unit area.

MCQ No. 109

Which of the following quantities is dimensionless?

(a) Young's modulus

(b) Stress

(d) Pressure

Correct answer: (c) Strain

Explanation: Strain is the ratio of two lengths and therefore has no unit.

MCQ No. 110

The ratio of stress to strain is called:

(a) Density

(b) Elastic modulus

(d) Momentum

Correct answer: (b) Elastic modulus

Explanation: Elastic modulus is a measure of the stiffness of a material.

MCQ No. 111

A body is stretched within its elastic limit. Which quantity remains constant for a given material?

(a) Stress

(b) Force

(d) Extension

Correct answer: (c) Young's modulus

Explanation: Young's modulus is a characteristic property of the material.

MCQ No. 112

A wire is stretched by 0.4% of its original length. The strain is:

(a) 0.4

(b) 0.04

(d) 0.0004

Correct answer: (c) 0.004

Explanation:

0.4\%=\frac{0.4}{100}=0.004

MCQ No. 113

The modulus associated with a change in volume is:

(a) Young's modulus

(b) Bulk modulus

(d) Poisson's ratio

Correct answer: (b) Bulk modulus

Explanation: Bulk modulus measures resistance to uniform compression.

MCQ No. 114

A material having a larger Young's modulus is:

(a) More compressible

(b) More rigid

(d) More ductile

Correct answer: (b) More rigid

Explanation: A larger Young's modulus indicates greater stiffness.

MCQ No. 115

If the cross-sectional area of a wire is doubled while the applied force remains the same, the stress becomes:

(a) Double

(b) Half

(d) Unchanged

Correct answer: (b) Half

Explanation:

\text{Stress}=\frac{F}{A}

Doubling the area halves the stress.

MCQ No. 116

The extension of a wire depends directly upon:

(a) Young's modulus

(b) Applied force

(d) Density

Correct answer: (b) Applied force

Explanation: According to Hooke's law, extension is directly proportional to the applied force within the elastic limit.

MCQ No. 117

Which quantity measures the stiffness of a material?

(a) Density

(b) Young's modulus

(d) Mass

Correct answer: (b) Young's modulus

Explanation: The greater the Young's modulus, the stiffer the material.

MCQ No. 118

If the strain in a wire is zero, then the extension is:

(a) Maximum

(b) Infinite

(d) Negative

Correct answer: (c) Zero

Explanation: Zero strain means there is no change in length.

MCQ No. 119

The graph between stress and strain within the elastic limit is:

(a) Hyperbolic

(b) Circular

(d) Parabolic

Correct answer: (c) Linear

Explanation: Stress is directly proportional to strain within the elastic limit.

MCQ No. 120

A material is subjected to equal compressive stress from all directions. Which elastic constant is required to determine its deformation?

(a) Young's modulus

(b) Shear modulus

(d) Poisson's ratio

Correct answer: (c) Bulk modulus

Explanation: Bulk modulus relates the applied pressure to the resulting volume strain under uniform compression.

MCQ No. 121

A body is subjected to uniform pressure from all directions. The resulting strain is called:

(a) Longitudinal strain

(b) Shear strain

(d) Lateral strain

Correct answer: (c) Volume strain

Explanation: Volume strain is the fractional change in the volume of a body due to uniform pressure.

MCQ No. 122

Bulk modulus is defined as the ratio of:

(a) Tensile stress to longitudinal strain

(b) Shear stress to shear strain

(d) Lateral strain to longitudinal strain

Correct answer: (c) Normal stress to volume strain

Explanation: Bulk modulus measures a material's resistance to uniform compression and is given by:

K=\frac{\text{Stress}}{\text{Volume Strain}}

MCQ No. 123

A liquid is compressed uniformly. Which elastic constant best describes its elasticity?

(a) Young's modulus

(b) Shear modulus

(d) Poisson's ratio

Correct answer: (c) Bulk modulus

Explanation: Liquids cannot sustain shear stress; therefore, only bulk modulus is applicable.

MCQ No. 124

If the pressure applied to a body is doubled while the bulk modulus remains constant, the volume strain will:

(a) Become half

(b) Double

(d) Become four times

Correct answer: (b) Double

Explanation: Since $K=\frac{\text{Stress}}{\text{Volume Strain}}$ , volume strain is directly proportional to the applied pressure.

MCQ No. 125

A material has a bulk modulus of $5\times10^{10}\,\text{Pa}$ . If a pressure of $1\times10^{8}\,\text{Pa}$ is applied, the volume strain is:

(a) 0.0002

(b) 0.002

(d) 0.2

Correct answer: (b) 0.002

Explanation:

\text{Volume Strain}=\frac{P}{K} =\frac{1\times10^8}{5\times10^{10}} =2\times10^{-3}=0.002

MCQ No. 126

The SI unit of bulk modulus is:

(a) Newton

(b) Joule

(d) Watt

Correct answer: (c) Pascal

Explanation: Bulk modulus is the ratio of stress to strain; therefore, its SI unit is pascal (Pa).

MCQ No. 127

The modulus of rigidity is another name for:

(a) Young's modulus

(b) Bulk modulus

(d) Elastic modulus

Correct answer: (c) Shear modulus

Explanation: Shear modulus measures the resistance of a material to changes in shape.

MCQ No. 128

Shear stress mainly changes the:

(a) Mass

(b) Volume

(d) Density

Correct answer: (c) Shape

Explanation: Shear stress changes the shape of a body with negligible change in its volume.

MCQ No. 129

The ratio of shear stress to shear strain gives:

(a) Bulk modulus

(b) Young's modulus

(d) Poisson's ratio

Correct answer: (c) Shear modulus

Explanation:

G=\frac{\text{Shear Stress}}{\text{Shear Strain}}

MCQ No. 130

The SI unit of shear modulus is:

(a) Joule

(b) Newton

(d) Metre

Correct answer: (c) Pascal

Explanation: Like all elastic moduli, shear modulus is measured in pascal.

MCQ No. 131

A cube changes its shape into a parallelepiped without changing its volume. The modulus involved is:

(a) Young's modulus

(b) Bulk modulus

(d) Poisson's ratio

Correct answer: (c) Shear modulus

Explanation: Shear deformation changes only the shape of the body.

MCQ No. 132

Poisson's ratio is defined as the ratio of:

(a) Longitudinal strain to stress

(b) Lateral strain to longitudinal strain

(d) Volume strain to stress

Correct answer: (b) Lateral strain to longitudinal strain

Explanation: Poisson's ratio measures the lateral contraction produced when a material is stretched.

MCQ No. 133

Poisson's ratio has:

(a) Unit of pascal

(b) Unit of newton

(d) Unit of joule

Correct answer: (c) No unit

Explanation: It is the ratio of two strains and is therefore dimensionless.

MCQ No. 134

A wire has a longitudinal strain of 0.002 and a lateral strain of 0.0006. The Poisson's ratio is:

(a) 0.20

(b) 0.30

(d) 0.50

Correct answer: (b) 0.30

Explanation:

\nu=\frac{0.0006}{0.002}=0.30

MCQ No. 135

Which elastic constant is associated with stretching a wire?

(a) Bulk modulus

(b) Young's modulus

(d) Compressibility

Correct answer: (b) Young's modulus

Explanation: Young's modulus describes longitudinal deformation.

MCQ No. 136

If the volume strain of a body is zero, then its bulk modulus is:

(a) Always zero

(b) Very large for finite pressure

(d) Equal to density

Correct answer: (b) Very large for finite pressure

Explanation: A material showing almost no volume change under pressure has a very high bulk modulus.

MCQ No. 137

Which of the following materials generally has the highest bulk modulus?

(a) Air

(b) Water

(d) Rubber

Correct answer: (c) Steel

Explanation: Steel is much less compressible than liquids or gases and therefore has a very high bulk modulus.

MCQ No. 138

A material with a large shear modulus is:

(a) Easily twisted

(b) Highly rigid against shear deformation

(d) Highly ductile

Correct answer: (b) Highly rigid against shear deformation

Explanation: A larger shear modulus indicates greater resistance to changes in shape.

MCQ No. 139

Bulk modulus mainly measures the:

(a) Hardness of a material

(b) Resistance to volume change

(d) Ability to conduct electricity

Correct answer: (b) Resistance to volume change

Explanation: Bulk modulus quantifies the resistance offered by a material against uniform compression.

MCQ No. 140

A material has a shear stress of $4\times10^{6}\,\text{Pa}$ and a shear strain of $2\times10^{-4}$ . Its shear modulus is:

(a) $2\times10^{9}\,\text{Pa}$

(b) $2\times10^{10}\,\text{Pa}$

(d) $8\times10^{10}\,\text{Pa}$

Correct answer: (b) $2\times10^{10}\,\text{Pa}$

Explanation:

G=\frac{\text{Shear Stress}}{\text{Shear Strain}} =\frac{4\times10^{6}}{2\times10^{-4}} =2\times10^{10}\,\text{Pa}

MCQ No. 141

Hooke's law is applicable only when:

(a) The applied stress exceeds the elastic limit.

(b) The material undergoes plastic deformation.

(c) The stress remains within the elastic limit.

(d) The material reaches the breaking point.

Correct answer: (c) The stress remains within the elastic limit.

Explanation: Hooke's law states that stress is directly proportional to strain only within the elastic limit.

MCQ No. 142

A wire obeys Hooke's law. If the applied force is tripled, the extension will become:

(a) One-third

(b) Double

(c) Triple

(d) Nine times

Correct answer: (c) Triple

Explanation: According to Hooke's law, extension is directly proportional to the applied force as long as the elastic limit is not exceeded.

MCQ No. 143

The graph between stress and strain beyond the elastic limit is generally:

(a) A straight line

(b) A horizontal line

(c) Non-linear

(d) A vertical line

Correct answer: (c) Non-linear

Explanation: Beyond the elastic limit, Hooke's law is no longer valid, so the stress-strain relationship becomes non-linear.

MCQ No. 144

The area enclosed under the stress-strain curve up to the elastic limit represents:

(a) Young's modulus

(b) Strain energy per unit volume

(c) Bulk modulus

(d) Shear modulus

Correct answer: (b) Strain energy per unit volume

Explanation: The area under the elastic portion of the stress-strain curve equals the elastic energy stored per unit volume.

MCQ No. 145

A wire stores energy when stretched because it possesses:

(a) Heat energy

(b) Magnetic energy

(c) Elastic potential energy

(d) Electrical energy

Correct answer: (c) Elastic potential energy

Explanation: Work done in stretching a wire is stored as elastic (strain) energy.

MCQ No. 146

The SI unit of strain energy density is:

(a) J

(b) Pa

(c) J m⁻³

(d) N

Correct answer: (c) J m⁻³

Explanation: Strain energy density is energy stored per unit volume, so its SI unit is joule per cubic metre (J m⁻³).

MCQ No. 147

A material is stretched within its elastic limit. If the stress is doubled, the strain energy density becomes:

(a) Half

(b) Double

(c) Four times

(d) Unchanged

Correct answer: (c) Four times

Explanation: Since strain energy density is proportional to the square of stress, doubling the stress increases it by four times.

MCQ No. 148

The work done in stretching a perfectly elastic wire is equal to:

(a) Heat produced

(b) Elastic potential energy stored

(c) Electrical energy

(d) Gravitational potential energy

Correct answer: (b) Elastic potential energy stored

Explanation: In an ideal elastic material, all the work done is stored as elastic potential energy.

MCQ No. 149

A wire is stretched by applying a gradually increasing force. The work done is:

(a) $F \times x$

(b) $\frac{1}{2}Fx$

(c) $2Fx$

(d) Zero

Correct answer: (b) $\frac{1}{2}Fx$

Explanation: Since the force increases uniformly from zero to $F$ , the average force is $F/2$ . Therefore,
$W=\frac{1}{2}Fx$

MCQ No. 150

A spring is stretched by 0.08 m under a final force of 50 N. The work done is:

(a) 1.0 J

(b) 2.0 J

(c) 4.0 J

(d) 8.0 J

Correct answer: (b) 2.0 J

Explanation:
$W=\frac12 Fx =\frac12(50)(0.08) =2.0\text{ J}$

MCQ No. 151

A wire extends by 3 mm when a force of 300 N is applied. If the force becomes 600 N (within the elastic limit), the extension will be:

(a) 1.5 mm

(b) 3 mm

(c) 6 mm

(d) 9 mm

Correct answer: (c) 6 mm

Explanation: Extension is directly proportional to force according to Hooke's law.

MCQ No. 152

The elastic energy stored in a stretched wire depends upon:

(a) Applied force and extension

(b) Colour of the wire

(c) Density only

(d) Temperature only

Correct answer: (a) Applied force and extension

Explanation: The stored elastic energy is given by:
$U=\frac12 Fx$

MCQ No. 153

A material that follows Hooke's law exactly is called:

(a) Plastic material

(b) Perfectly elastic material

(c) Brittle material

(d) Ductile material

Correct answer: (b) Perfectly elastic material

Explanation: A perfectly elastic material obeys Hooke's law throughout its elastic range and completely regains its original dimensions after unloading.

MCQ No. 154

Which point on the stress-strain curve marks the beginning of plastic deformation?

(a) Origin

(b) Elastic limit

(c) Breaking point

(d) Fracture point

Correct answer: (b) Elastic limit

Explanation: Beyond the elastic limit, permanent deformation begins.

MCQ No. 155

A body stores strain energy only when it is:

(a) Heated

(b) Deformed elastically

(c) Melted

(d) Electrically charged

Correct answer: (b) Deformed elastically

Explanation: Elastic deformation stores recoverable mechanical energy in the material.

MCQ No. 156

The slope of the straight-line portion of a stress-strain graph is numerically equal to:

(a) Stress

(b) Strain

(c) Young's modulus

(d) Force

Correct answer: (c) Young's modulus

Explanation: The ratio of stress to strain gives Young's modulus, which is the slope of the linear elastic region.

MCQ No. 157

A larger area under the elastic portion of the stress-strain curve indicates:

(a) Greater strain energy storage

(b) Lower elasticity

(c) Smaller Young's modulus

(d) Smaller stiffness

Correct answer: (a) Greater strain energy storage

Explanation: The area under the stress-strain curve represents the elastic energy stored per unit volume.

MCQ No. 158

If a material is loaded and unloaded within its elastic limit, it will:

(a) Undergo permanent deformation

(b) Return to its original dimensions

(c) Break immediately

(d) Lose its elasticity completely

Correct answer: (b) Return to its original dimensions

Explanation: Elastic deformation is reversible, so the material regains its original shape after unloading.

MCQ No. 159

A wire stores 12 J of elastic potential energy when stretched. After removing the force within the elastic limit, this energy is:

(a) Permanently stored

(b) Converted entirely into heat

(c) Released as the wire returns to its original shape

(d) Destroyed

Correct answer: (c) Released as the wire returns to its original shape

Explanation: Elastic potential energy is recovered when the deforming force is removed, assuming no permanent deformation occurs.

MCQ No. 160

A spring obeys Hooke's law. The graph between the applied force and extension is:

(a) Circular

(b) Hyperbolic

(c) A straight line passing through the origin

(d) A horizontal line

Correct answer: (c) A straight line passing through the origin

Explanation: Since force is directly proportional to extension within the elastic limit, the force-extension graph is a straight line through the origin.

MCQ No. 161

A wire is stretched by 4 mm under a force of 400 N. The elastic potential energy stored in the wire is:

(a) 0.4 J

(b) 0.8 J

(d) 3.2 J

Correct answer: (b) 0.8 J

Explanation:

U=\frac{1}{2}Fx

=\frac{1}{2}\times400\times4\times10^{-3}=0.8\text{ J}

MCQ No. 162

If the extension of an elastic wire is doubled while remaining within the elastic limit, the strain energy stored becomes:

(a) Half

(b) Double

(d) Unchanged

Correct answer: (c) Four times

Explanation: Since

U=\frac{1}{2}kx^2

strain energy is proportional to the square of the extension.

MCQ No. 163

A spring stores 18 J of elastic potential energy. If the extension is doubled, the stored energy becomes:

(a) 18 J

(b) 36 J

(d) 72 J

Correct answer: (d) 72 J

Explanation:

U\propto x^2

Doubling the extension increases the energy by four times.

4\times18=72\text{ J}

MCQ No. 164

The elastic potential energy stored per unit volume is called:

(a) Stress

(b) Strain

(d) Elastic modulus

Correct answer: (c) Strain energy density

Explanation: Strain energy density is the elastic energy stored in a material per unit volume.

MCQ No. 165

The SI unit of strain energy density is equivalent to:

(a) Pa

(b) N

(d) W

Correct answer: (a) Pa

Explanation: Since

1\text{ J m}^{-3}=1\text{ N m}^{-2}=1\text{ Pa}

strain energy density has the same SI unit as stress.

MCQ No. 166

Which material stores more elastic energy before permanent deformation?

(a) Material with a higher elastic limit

(b) Material with lower density

(d) Material with higher temperature

Correct answer: (a) Material with a higher elastic limit

Explanation: A higher elastic limit allows more elastic deformation and therefore greater elastic energy storage.

MCQ No. 167

In a conductor, the valence band and conduction band are:

(a) Widely separated

(b) Completely isolated

(d) Separated by a large forbidden gap

Correct answer: (c) Overlapping

Explanation: In conductors, the valence and conduction bands overlap, allowing electrons to move freely.

MCQ No. 168

The forbidden energy gap in good conductors is:

(a) Very large

(b) About 10 eV

(d) Infinite

Correct answer: (c) Nearly zero

Explanation: Because there is essentially no forbidden gap, electrons move easily into the conduction band.

MCQ No. 169

Which material has a very large forbidden energy gap?

(a) Copper

(b) Aluminium

(d) Germanium

Correct answer: (c) Glass

Explanation: Insulators such as glass possess a large forbidden energy gap, preventing electron conduction.

MCQ No. 170

The energy band just above the valence band is called the:

(a) Forbidden band

(b) Conduction band

(d) Atomic band

Correct answer: (b) Conduction band

Explanation: Electrons entering the conduction band become free to conduct electric current.

MCQ No. 171

The band containing the outermost bound electrons is known as the:

(a) Conduction band

(b) Forbidden band

(d) Energy shell

Correct answer: (c) Valence band

Explanation: The valence band contains electrons involved in chemical bonding.

MCQ No. 172

Electrical conductivity mainly depends upon:

(a) Number of free electrons

(b) Density only

(d) Shape of the material

Correct answer: (a) Number of free electrons

Explanation: Materials with more free electrons generally have higher electrical conductivity.

MCQ No. 173

Which of the following is a semiconductor?

(a) Copper

(b) Aluminium

(d) Silver

Correct answer: (c) Silicon

Explanation: Silicon is a semiconductor because its forbidden energy gap is intermediate between conductors and insulators.

MCQ No. 174

The forbidden energy gap of a semiconductor is:

(a) Zero

(b) Very small but finite

(d) Infinite

Correct answer: (b) Very small but finite

Explanation: Semiconductors have a small energy gap (typically around 1 eV), allowing controlled conduction.

MCQ No. 175

At absolute zero, a pure semiconductor behaves like:

(a) A good conductor

(b) An insulator

(d) A perfect resistor

Correct answer: (b) An insulator

Explanation: At 0 K, there is insufficient thermal energy to excite electrons into the conduction band.

MCQ No. 176

The electrical conductivity of an intrinsic semiconductor increases with:

(a) Decreasing temperature

(b) Increasing temperature

(d) Increasing density

Correct answer: (b) Increasing temperature

Explanation: Higher temperature provides energy for more electrons to cross the forbidden energy gap.

MCQ No. 177

An intrinsic semiconductor is:

(a) A pure semiconductor

(b) A heavily doped semiconductor

(d) An insulator

Correct answer: (a) A pure semiconductor

Explanation: An intrinsic semiconductor contains no intentionally added impurities.

MCQ No. 178

The process of adding impurities to a pure semiconductor is called:

(a) Alloying

(b) Ionization

(d) Annealing

Correct answer: (c) Doping

Explanation: Doping increases the electrical conductivity by introducing additional charge carriers.

MCQ No. 179

A semiconductor formed by adding pentavalent impurities to silicon is called:

(a) Intrinsic semiconductor

(b) p-type semiconductor

(d) Metallic semiconductor

Correct answer: (c) n-type semiconductor

Explanation: Pentavalent impurities contribute extra electrons, making electrons the majority charge carriers.

MCQ No. 180

A semiconductor formed by adding trivalent impurities to silicon is known as:

(a) Intrinsic semiconductor

(b) n-type semiconductor

(d) Superconductor

Correct answer: (c) p-type semiconductor

Explanation: Trivalent impurities create holes, making them the majority charge carriers responsible for conduction.

MCQ No. 181

The majority charge carriers in an n-type semiconductor are:

(a) Holes

(b) Protons

(c) Electrons

(d) Neutrons

Correct answer: (c) Electrons

Explanation: Pentavalent impurities donate extra electrons, making electrons the majority charge carriers in an n-type semiconductor.

MCQ No. 182

The majority charge carriers in a p-type semiconductor are:

(a) Electrons

(b) Holes

(c) Protons

(d) Neutrons

Correct answer: (b) Holes

Explanation: Trivalent impurities create vacancies called holes, which act as the majority charge carriers.

MCQ No. 183

Which impurity is commonly added to silicon to produce an n-type semiconductor?

(a) Boron

(b) Aluminium

(c) Phosphorus

(d) Gallium

Correct answer: (c) Phosphorus

Explanation: Phosphorus is a pentavalent element that contributes one extra electron to the silicon crystal.

MCQ No. 184

Which impurity is commonly used to produce a p-type semiconductor?

(a) Arsenic

(b) Antimony

(c) Boron

(d) Phosphorus

Correct answer: (c) Boron

Explanation: Boron is a trivalent impurity that creates holes in the silicon crystal.

MCQ No. 185

In an n-type semiconductor, the minority charge carriers are:

(a) Electrons

(b) Holes

(c) Protons

(d) Ions

Correct answer: (b) Holes

Explanation: Although electrons are the majority carriers, a small number of holes are still present due to thermal generation.

MCQ No. 186

In a p-type semiconductor, the minority charge carriers are:

(a) Holes

(b) Electrons

(c) Protons

(d) Positive ions

Correct answer: (b) Electrons

Explanation: Holes are the majority carriers, while electrons are present in comparatively smaller numbers.

MCQ No. 187

The conductivity of a semiconductor increases because of doping due to an increase in:

(a) Density

(b) Charge carriers

(c) Atomic mass

(d) Crystal size

Correct answer: (b) Charge carriers

Explanation: Doping introduces additional free electrons or holes, greatly increasing electrical conductivity.

MCQ No. 188

Which property best distinguishes a semiconductor from a conductor?

(a) Colour

(b) Density

(c) Presence of a small forbidden energy gap

(d) Crystal shape

Correct answer: (c) Presence of a small forbidden energy gap

Explanation: Semiconductors possess a finite but small forbidden energy gap, unlike conductors where the bands overlap.

MCQ No. 189

A superconductor is a material that has:

(a) Infinite electrical resistance

(b) Zero electrical resistance below a certain temperature

(c) Zero density

(d) Zero thermal conductivity

Correct answer: (b) Zero electrical resistance below a certain temperature

Explanation: Superconductors conduct electricity without resistance below their critical temperature.

MCQ No. 190

The temperature below which a material becomes superconducting is called the:

(a) Melting temperature

(b) Critical temperature

(c) Room temperature

(d) Boiling temperature

Correct answer: (b) Critical temperature

Explanation: Every superconducting material has a characteristic critical temperature ( $T_c$ ) below which superconductivity appears.

MCQ No. 191

The SI unit of electrical resistance is:

(a) Volt

(b) Ohm

(c) Ampere

(d) Coulomb

Correct answer: (b) Ohm

Explanation: Electrical resistance is measured in ohms (Ω). In the superconducting state, this resistance becomes zero.

MCQ No. 192

The phenomenon in which a superconductor expels magnetic flux from its interior is known as:

(a) Hall Effect

(b) Meissner Effect

(c) Doppler Effect

(d) Zeeman Effect

Correct answer: (b) Meissner Effect

Explanation: The Meissner Effect is one of the defining characteristics of superconductivity.

MCQ No. 193

Which statement about superconductors is correct?

(a) They behave as perfect insulators.

(b) They exhibit zero electrical resistance.

(c) They completely stop electron motion.

(d) They lose all magnetic properties.

Correct answer: (b) They exhibit zero electrical resistance.

Explanation: In the superconducting state, electric current flows without energy loss due to zero resistance.

MCQ No. 194

The Meissner Effect demonstrates that a superconductor:

(a) Attracts all magnetic fields.

(b) Expels magnetic field lines from its interior.

(c) Stores magnetic fields permanently.

(d) Produces electric current without electrons.

Correct answer: (b) Expels magnetic field lines from its interior.

Explanation: This complete expulsion of magnetic flux distinguishes superconductors from perfect conductors.

MCQ No. 195

One practical application of superconductors is in:

(a) Wooden furniture

(b) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

(c) Plastic bottles

(d) Glass manufacturing

Correct answer: (b) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Explanation: MRI machines use superconducting magnets to generate strong, stable magnetic fields.

MCQ No. 196

Superconductors are widely used for making:

(a) Heating elements

(b) High-field electromagnets

(c) Electric heaters

(d) Incandescent lamps

Correct answer: (b) High-field electromagnets

Explanation: Zero resistance allows superconducting coils to carry very large currents without significant energy loss.

MCQ No. 197

Which of the following is an important advantage of superconductors?

(a) High electrical resistance

(b) Energy loss during transmission

(c) Nearly lossless transmission of electrical power

(d) Low melting point

Correct answer: (c) Nearly lossless transmission of electrical power

Explanation: Because superconductors have zero electrical resistance, electrical energy can be transmitted with negligible resistive losses.

MCQ No. 198

If the temperature of a superconductor rises above its critical temperature, it:

(a) Remains superconducting

(b) Becomes radioactive

(c) Returns to its normal conducting state

(d) Becomes an insulator

Correct answer: (c) Returns to its normal conducting state

Explanation: Superconductivity disappears when the material is heated above its critical temperature.

MCQ No. 199

Which comparison is correct?

(a) Conductors have a larger energy gap than insulators.

(b) Insulators have the smallest energy gap.

(c) Semiconductors have an intermediate forbidden energy gap between conductors and insulators.

(d) Conductors have an infinite forbidden energy gap.

Correct answer: (c) Semiconductors have an intermediate forbidden energy gap between conductors and insulators.

Explanation: Conductors have overlapping bands, insulators have a large energy gap, and semiconductors have a small but finite forbidden energy gap.

MCQ No. 200

Which statement correctly summarizes the electrical properties of solids?

(a) Conductors, semiconductors, and insulators differ primarily because of their energy band structures.

(b) All solids have identical electrical conductivity.

(c) Superconductors have very high electrical resistance.

(d) Doping decreases the conductivity of semiconductors.

Correct answer: (a) Conductors, semiconductors, and insulators differ primarily because of their energy band structures.

Explanation: The energy band theory explains why conductors have high conductivity, insulators have very low conductivity, semiconductors have intermediate conductivity, and superconductors exhibit zero resistance below their critical temperature.
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