“Ulysses” by Alfred Lord Tennyson

“Ulysses” is a dramatic monologue written by Alfred Lord Tennyson in 1833. The poem presents the legendary Greek hero Ulysses (Odysseus) after his return from the Trojan War, restless and dissatisfied with a quiet life as king of Ithaca. Through Ulysses’ speech, Tennyson explores themes of adventure, knowledge, aging, and the human desire to strive beyond limits. The poem ultimately celebrates a heroic spirit that refuses to surrender to old age or inactivity, captured in the famous line: “To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.”

Note: Ulysses is the Latin name of “Odysseus”, the famous hero of Greek mythology. Ulysses means a clever, brave, and adventurous warrior known for his intelligence, courage, and long journeys.

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1. Original Readings:

It little profits that an idle king,
By this still hearth, among these barren crags,
Match'd with an aged wife, I mete and dole
Unequal laws unto a savage race,
That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me.
I cannot rest from travel: I will drink
Life to the lees. All times I have enjoy'd
Greatly, have suffer'd greatly, both with those
That loved me, and alone; on shore, and when
Thro' scudding drifts the rainy Hyades
Vext the dim sea: I am become a name;
For always roaming with a hungry heart
Much have I seen and known; cities of men
And manners, climates, councils, governments,
Myself not least, but honour'd of them all;
And drunk delight of battle with my peers,
Far on the ringing plains of windy Troy.
I am a part of all that I have met;
Yet all experience is an arch wherethro'
Gleams that untravell'd world whose margin fades
For ever and for ever when I move.
How dull it is to pause, to make an end,
To rust unburnish'd, not to shine in use!
As tho' to breathe were life! Life piled on life
Were all too little, and of one to me
Little remains: but every hour is saved
From that eternal silence, something more,
A bringer of new things; and vile it were
For some three suns to store and hoard myself,
And this gray spirit yearning in desire
To follow knowledge like a sinking star,
Beyond the utmost bound of human thought.

This is my son, mine own Telemachus,
To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle,—
Well-loved of me, discerning to fulfil
This labour, by slow prudence to make mild
A rugged people, and thro' soft degrees
Subdue them to the useful and the good.
Most blameless is he, centred in the sphere
Of common duties, decent not to fail
In offices of tenderness, and pay
Meet adoration to my household gods,
When I am gone. He works his work, I mine.

There lies the port; the vessel puffs her sail:
There gloom the dark, broad seas. My mariners,
Souls that have toil'd, and wrought, and thought with me—
That ever with a frolic welcome took
The thunder and the sunshine, and opposed
Free hearts, free foreheads—you and I are old;
Old age hath yet his honour and his toil;
Death closes all: but something ere the end,
Some work of noble note, may yet be done,
Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods.
The lights begin to twinkle from the rocks:
The long day wanes: the slow moon climbs: the deep
Moans round with many voices. Come, my friends,
'Tis not too late to seek a newer world.
Push off, and sitting well in order smite
The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds
To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths
Of all the western stars, until I die.
It may be that the gulfs will wash us down:
It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,
And see the great Achilles, whom we knew.
Tho' much is taken, much abides; and tho'
We are not now that strength which in old days
Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are;
One equal temper of heroic hearts,
Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.

2. Paraphrasing of the poem “Ulysses” by Alfred Lord Tennyson Line by line:

Stanza 1: Dissatisfaction with Kingship (Lines 1–5)

1. “It little profits that an idle king,”
👉 The poet says that it is of no benefit for a king to remain idle.

2. “By this still hearth, among these barren crags,”
👉 He lives quietly near the fireplace in a lifeless, rocky land.

3. “Match’d with an aged wife, I mete and dole”
👉 He lives with his old wife and spends time giving rewards and punishments.

4. “Unequal laws unto a savage race,”
👉 He rules over people whom he considers uncivilized.

5. “That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me.”
👉 They only eat, sleep, and store wealth, and do not understand him.

Stanza 2: Restless Spirit and Love for Travel (Lines 6–11)

6. “I cannot rest from travel: I will drink”
👉 The poet declares that he cannot stop traveling.

7. “Life to the lees.”
👉 He wants to experience life completely.

8. “All times I have enjoy’d”
👉 He has enjoyed life deeply.

9. “Greatly, have suffer’d greatly,”
👉 He has also suffered deeply.

10. “Both with those that loved me, and alone;”
👉 He has faced joys and sorrows both with companions and alone.

11. ““On shore, and when / Thro’ scudding drifts the rainy Hyades / Vext the dim sea:””
👉 He says that he has experienced life both on land and at sea, even when violent storms troubled the dark ocean.

Stanza 3: Past Experience and Fame (Lines 12–16)

12. “I am become a name;”
👉 The poet says that he has become famous.

13. “For always roaming with a hungry heart”
👉 He has always travelled with a strong desire for adventure.

14. “Much have I seen and known;”
👉 He has seen and learned many things.

15. “Cities of men and manners, climates, councils, governments,”
👉 He has experienced different cultures, weather, and systems of rule.

16. “Myself not least, but honour’d of them all;”
👉 He was respected everywhere he went.

Stanza 4: Heroic Past and War (Lines 17–18)

17. “And drunk delight of battle with my peers,”
👉 The poet recalls enjoying battles with fellow warriors.

18. “Far on the ringing plains of windy Troy.”
👉 He refers to the Trojan War.

Stanza 5: Experience and Knowledge (Lines 19-21)

19. “I am a part of all that I have met;”
👉 The poet believes that every experience has shaped him.

20. “Yet all experience is an arch wherethro’”
👉 He compares experience to a gateway.

21. “Gleams that untravell’d world…”
👉 He sees new worlds beyond what he has already explored.

Stanza 6: Hatred of Inactivity (Lines 22–24)

22. “How dull it is to pause, to make an end,”
👉 The poet feels stopping activity is boring.

23. “To rust unburnish’d, not to shine in use!”
👉 He compares inactivity to rusting metal.

24. “As tho’ to breathe were life!”
👉 He says that merely breathing is not true living.

Stanza 7: Shortness of Life (Lines 25–28)

25. “Life piled on life were all too little,”
👉 The poet feels that even many lives would not be enough.

26. “And of one to me little remains:”
👉 He believes little time is left for him.

27. “But every hour is saved from that eternal silence,”
👉 He values every hour before death.

28. “A bringer of new things;”
👉 It brings new experiences.

Stanza 8: Desire Beyond Human Limits (Lines 29–32)

29. “And vile it were… to hoard myself,”
👉 The poet feels it would be shameful to waste time.

30. “And this gray spirit yearning in desire”
👉 He says his old soul still longs for adventure.

31. “To follow knowledge like a sinking star,”
👉 He compares his search for knowledge to chasing a setting star.

32. “Beyond the utmost bound of human thought.”
👉 He wants to go beyond human limits of understanding.

Stanza 9: Telemachus as Successor (Lines 33–38)

33. “This is my son, mine own Telemachus,”
👉 The poet introduces his son Telemachus.

34. “To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle,”
👉 He gives him the kingdom.

35. “Well-loved of me… slow prudence”
👉 He praises his son’s wisdom and patience.

36. “To make mild a rugged people,”
👉 He believes his son can civilize the people.

37. “Most blameless is he,”
👉 He considers his son responsible and faultless.

38. “He works his work, I mine.”
👉 He says his son will rule, while he follows adventure.

Stanza 10: Call to Mariners and Final Resolve (Lines 39–49)

39. “There lies the port; the vessel puffs her sail:”
👉 The poet points to the ship ready to sail.

40. “My mariners… thought with me—”
👉 He addresses his loyal companions.

41. “You and I are old;”
👉 He admits they are old.

42. “Old age hath yet his honour and his toil;”
👉 He believes old age still has dignity.

43. “Death closes all:”
👉 He accepts that death is certain.

44. “’Tis not too late to seek a newer world.”
👉 He urges them to search for new adventures.

45. “It may be that the gulfs will wash us down:”
👉 He accepts the risk of death.

46. “It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,”
👉 He hopes for a peaceful reward.

47. “Tho’ much is taken, much abides;”
👉 He believes courage still remains.

48. “Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will”
👉 They are weak physically but strong in determination.

49. “To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.”
👉 They resolve to continue striving and never give up.

3. Stanza-wise paraphrasing of the poem “Ulysses” by Alfred Lord Tennyson in a paragraph:

Stanza 1: Dissatisfaction with Kingship (Lines 1–5)

Original Text
It little profits that an idle king,
By this still hearth, among these barren crags,
Match’d with an aged wife, I mete and dole
Unequal laws unto a savage race,
That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me.

Paraphrasing

In this stanza, the poet says that it is of very little use for him to live as an inactive king. Sitting quietly by the hearth in a rocky and barren land, living with his old wife, brings him no satisfaction. He feels unhappy ruling over a people whom he considers uncivilized and selfish, as they are only concerned with storing wealth, eating, and sleeping. These people neither understand him nor value his greatness, which makes his kingship meaningless.

Stanza 2: Restless Spirit and Love for Travel (Lines 6–11)

Original Text

I cannot rest from travel: I will drink Life to the lees. All times I have enjoy’d
Greatly, have suffer’d greatly, both with those
That loved me, and alone; on shore, and when
Thro’ scudding drifts the rainy Hyades
Vext the dim sea:

Paraphrasing

In this stanza, the poet declares that he cannot stop traveling and wants to experience life fully till the last moment. He has enjoyed great happiness and also faced great suffering, sometimes with loved ones and sometimes alone. His life has been full of adventures both on land and during dangerous sea storms, which have shaped his restless and energetic spirit.

Stanza 3: Fame and Wide Experience (Lines 12–18)

Original Text

I am become a name;
For always roaming with a hungry heart
Much have I seen and known; cities of men
And manners, climates, councils, governments,
Myself not least, but honour’d of them all;

Paraphrasing

In this stanza, the poet reflects on the fame he has earned through constant wandering. His strong desire for knowledge has led him to explore many cities and learn about different cultures, climates, political systems, and governments. Everywhere he travelled, he was respected and honoured, which gave him a strong sense of identity and achievement.

Stanza 4: Heroic Past and Trojan War (Lines 19–21)

Original Text

And drunk delight of battle with my peers,

Far on the ringing plains of windy Troy.

Paraphrasing

In this stanza, the poet proudly remembers his heroic past as a warrior. He recalls the joy and excitement of fighting bravely alongside his fellow warriors on the plains of Troy during the Trojan War. These battles brought him honor and satisfaction.

Stanza 5: Experience as a Path to Knowledge (Lines 22–24)

Original Text

I am a part of all that I have met;

Yet all experience is an arch wherethro’
Gleams that untravell’d world whose margin fades
For ever and for ever when I move.

Paraphrasing

In this stanza, the poet explains that every experience becomes a permanent part of one’s life. He compares experience to an arch that opens the way to new and unexplored worlds. As one moves forward, new horizons continue to appear, showing that knowledge has no limits.

Stanza 6: Hatred of Inactivity (Lines 25–27)

Original Text

How dull it is to pause, to make an end,
To rust unburnish’d, not to shine in use!
As tho’ to breathe were life!

Paraphrasing

In this stanza, the poet strongly criticizes inactivity and idleness. He compares an idle life to rusting metal that loses its shine when not used. According to him, merely breathing does not mean truly living; life must involve action and purpose.

Stanza 7: Shortness of Life and Value of Time (Lines 28–32)

Original Text

Life piled on life

Were all too little, and of one to me

Little remains: but every hour is saved

From that eternal silence, something more,

A bringer of new things;

Paraphrasing

In this stanza, the poet reflects on the shortness of human life. He realizes that very little time remains for him and that even many lifetimes would not satisfy his hunger for experience. Therefore, he values every hour before death and believes each moment should bring something new and meaningful.

Stanza 8: Desire Beyond Human Limits (Lines 33–36)

Original Text

And vile it were

For some three suns to store and hoard myself,

And this gray spirit yearning in desire

To follow knowledge like a sinking star,

Beyond the utmost bound of human thought.

Paraphrasing

In this stanza, the poet expresses his strong desire to seek knowledge beyond ordinary human limits. Though old, his spirit still longs for learning and discovery. He compares his pursuit of knowledge to following a sinking star and feels that wasting time in idleness would be shameful.

Stanza 9: Telemachus as a Responsible Ruler (Lines 37–49)

Original Text

This is my son, mine own Telemachus,

To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle,—

Well-loved of me, discerning to fulfil

This labour, by slow prudence to make mild

A rugged people…

Most blameless is he…

He works his work, I mine.

Paraphrasing

In this stanza, the poet introduces his son Telemachus and hands over the kingdom to him. He praises his son’s patience, wisdom, and sense of duty, believing that Telemachus is well suited to rule the people calmly and wisely. He contrasts their natures by saying that while his son will perform his duties as a ruler, he himself will follow the path of adventure.

Stanza 10: Call to the Mariners and Final Resolve (Lines 50–End)

Original Text

There lies the port; the vessel puffs her sail…

Come, my friends,

’Tis not too late to seek a newer world…

Tho’ much is taken, much abides…

To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.

Paraphrasing

In this stanza, the poet addresses his loyal sailors and urges them to prepare for one final voyage. Though they are old and aware of death, he believes old age still has honor and purpose. He is ready to face danger and even death in the hope of reaching new lands and achieving something noble. Though time and fate have weakened their bodies, their courage and determination remain strong, and they resolve to continue striving and never give up.

4. Central Ideas of the poem “Ulysses” by Alfred Lord Tennyson:

1. The central idea of the poem “Ulysses” is the restless and heroic spirit of man that refuses to accept inactivity and old age as the end of life. Ulysses, the speaker of the poem, feels dissatisfied with his quiet life as a king after years of adventure and struggle. He believes that merely ruling a kingdom and living comfortably is meaningless without action and purpose. For him, life means continuous effort, learning, and experience. He values knowledge and exploration and considers experience the true source of wisdom. Although he is old and aware that death is near, his desire to explore and achieve something great remains strong. He entrusts the responsibilities of the kingdom to his son, Telemachus, who is better suited for peaceful rule. In the end, Ulysses calls upon his old companions to set out on a final journey. The poem conveys the message that one should continue to strive, seek, and struggle bravely until the last moment of life.

2. The central idea of the poem “Ulysses” focuses on the undying human desire for action, experience, and self-fulfilment. Ulysses, the speaker, is unhappy with a life of rest and routine after returning home as king. He feels that a life without adventure and challenge is dull and unworthy of a heroic spirit. According to him, true life lies in continuous effort and the pursuit of knowledge. Even though he has grown old and his physical strength has weakened, his willpower and courage remain unchanged. He understands that death is inevitable, yet he refuses to surrender to passivity. By handing over the kingdom to his son Telemachus, he frees himself from worldly responsibilities. In the final part of the poem, he inspires his companions to join him on one last voyage. The poem ultimately teaches that a meaningful life is one of perseverance, determination, and the courage to keep striving till the very end.

5. Summary of the poem “Ulysses” by Alfred Lord Tennyson:

1. The poem “Ulysses” describes the feelings and thoughts of the hero Ulysses after returning to Ithaca from his long adventures. He feels bored and dissatisfied with a quiet life as king, ruling over people who neither understand nor appreciate him. Ulysses believes that life should be spent in action, learning, and exploring new experiences rather than sitting idle. Though he is old and aware that death is near, his spirit remains restless and courageous. He passes the responsibilities of the kingdom to his son, Telemachus, who is wise and patient. In the final part, Ulysses calls his old companions to join him on one last voyage beyond the known world. The poem emphasizes the importance of perseverance, courage, and striving for purpose, showing that life is meaningful only when one continues to seek, explore, and achieve until the very end.

2. The poem “Ulysses” portrays the thoughts of Ulysses after returning to Ithaca following his long adventures. He feels that a quiet life as king, sitting at home with his aged wife and ruling over people who neither understand nor appreciate him, is dull and unsatisfying. Ulysses believes that life should be lived to the fullest, seeking new experiences, knowledge, and challenges rather than remaining idle. He reflects on his past adventures, battles, and travels, which have shaped his identity and made him famous. Though old and aware of mortality, his spirit remains strong, restless, and eager for exploration. He entrusts the kingdom to his son Telemachus, who is capable of ruling wisely, and turns to his loyal companions, urging them to join him on one final journey. The poem highlights the human desire for adventure, learning, and achievement, emphasizing that life is meaningful when one continues to strive, explore, and act with courage until the very end.

6. Poetic Devices (figures of speech) Used in the poem “Ulysses” by Alfred Lord Tennyson:

1. Metaphor:

Definition: Comparing two unlike things directly without using “like” or “as”.

Example: “To follow knowledge like a sinking star”

Effect: Compares Ulysses’ desire for knowledge to chasing a dying star, showing his longing for learning even in old age.

2. Personification:

Definition: Giving human qualities to non-human things i.e. making an object, animal, or idea act like a human.

Example: “Gray spirit yearning in desire”

Effect: Ulysses’ spirit is given human qualities, emphasizing his restless and eager nature.

3. Alliteration:

Definition: Repeating consonant sounds at the beginning of words to create musical effect.

Example: “The lights begin to twinkle from the rocks”

Effect: Repetition of initial consonant sounds creates a musical effect and draws attention to the imagery.

4. Imagery (Visual and Auditory):

Definition: Vivid descriptive language that appeals to the senses ie. Language that creates pictures in the mind.

Example: “Far on the ringing plains of windy Troy”; “The slow moon climbs: the deep moans round with many voices”

Effect: Creates vivid mental pictures of Ulysses’ past adventures and the natural world, helping readers feel the scene.

5. Repetition:

Definition: Emphasizing important words or ideas. or (repeating words for effect)

Example: “To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield”

Effect: Repetition of verbs at the end emphasizes determination and the enduring spirit of Ulysses.

6. Symbolism

Definition: Symbolism is a figure of speech in which a word, object, or idea represents something beyond its literal meaning, often conveying deeper thoughts, emotions, or themes.

Example: "The vessel puffs her sail”

Effect: The ship symbolizes the journey of life, adventure, and striving for new experiences.

7. Allusion

Definition: An allusion is a figure of speech in which a poet or writer refers to a famous person, place, event, story, or work of literature without explaining it in detail. It is used to add meaning, create a connection, or make a comparison.

Example: “Far on the ringing plains of windy Troy”; “Touch the Happy Isles, and see the great Achilles”
Effect: Refers to Greek mythology and Homer’s Odyssey, linking Ulysses to his heroic past and glory.

8. Hyperbole

Definition: Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect. It is not meant to be taken literally, but it highlights strong feelings, beauty, or importance.

Example: “Life piled on life were all too little”

Effect: Exaggerates Ulysses’ thirst for experience, emphasizing the intensity of his desire for adventure and knowledge.

9. Contrast

Definition: Contrast shows the difference between two opposite ideas.

Example:“To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield”
Effect: Repetition of verbs at the end emphasizes determination and the enduring spirit of Ulysses.

10. Enjambment

Definition: Enjambment is when a line continues into the next line without a pause.
Example: Many lines continue onto the next without pause, e.g., “Yet all experience is an arch wherethro’ / Gleams that untravell’d world whose margin fades”
Effect: Creates a flowing rhythm and mirrors Ulysses’ continuous desire to explore without pause.

Best Order of Figures of Speech (For Examination)

1. Metaphor – Direct comparison without “like” or “as”

Example: “All the world’s a stage.”
Effect: Shows similarity and deeper meaning.

2. Simile – Comparison using “like” or “as”

Example: “Shines like the sun.”
Effect: Highlights qualities in a vivid way.

3. Personification – Giving human qualities to objects or ideas

Example: “The wind whispered through the trees.”
Effect: Makes ideas more vivid and relatable.

4. Imagery – Descriptions appealing to the senses (sight, sound, touch, taste, smell)

Example: “The crimson sunset painted the sky.”
Effect: Creates mental pictures and emotions.

5. Hyperbole – Exaggeration for emphasis

Example: “I’ve told you a million times.”
Effect: Highlights intensity or beauty.

6. Symbolism – Using symbols to represent deeper ideas or themes

Example: “Dove” = peace, “Winter” = death or hardship.
Effect: Adds hidden meaning to the poem.

7. Contrast / Antithesis – Opposing ideas placed together

Example: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.”
Effect: Highlights differences or strengthens argument.

8. Alliteration – Repetition of consonant sounds

Example: “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.”
Effect: Adds rhythm, musicality, or emphasis.

9. Assonance / Consonance – Repetition of vowel or consonant sounds

Example (Assonance): “Hear the mellow wedding bells.”
Effect: Creates musical effect and mood.

10. Enjambment – A sentence or thought continuing across lines without pause
Effect: Maintains flow, builds tension, or emphasizes continuation.

11. Onomatopoeia – Words that imitate sounds

Example: “Buzz,” “clang,” “sizzle.”
Effect: Makes descriptions more vivid.

12. Rhyme Scheme / Rhythm – Pattern of rhymes or beats
Effect: Creates musicality, order, and emphasis on key ideas.

13. Repetition / Refrain – Repeating words or phrases
Effect: Emphasizes important themes or ideas.

14. Irony / Paradox – Saying the opposite or presenting contradictory ideas
Effect: Creates thought-provoking meaning.

15. Final Couplet / Epigrammatic Statement (if a sonnet or structured poem)
Effect: Summarizes or delivers the central idea memorably.

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Poetic Devices - Simple Definitions for Students (Figures of Speech)

Tip for Exams:

Always start with Metaphor, Simile, and Personification, as they are easiest to spot.
End with structure-related devices like Rhyme Scheme, Rhythm, or Final Couplet to show understanding of the poem as a whole.

7. Short-Answer Questions of the poem “Ulysses” by Alfred Lord Tennyson:

1. Who is the speaker of the poem “Ulysses”?
Answer: The speaker is Ulysses (Odysseus), the heroic king of Ithaca, reflecting on his life and adventures.

2. Why is Ulysses dissatisfied with his life as king?
Answer: He is bored with a quiet, idle life at home, ruling people who do not understand or appreciate him, and longs for adventure and knowledge.

3. How does Ulysses view experience?
Answer: Ulysses believes that every experience adds to a person’s knowledge, and that life should be a continuous pursuit of learning and exploration.

4. Who is Telemachus and what is his role in the poem “Ulysses”?
Answer: Telemachus is Ulysses’ son, who is responsible, patient, and capable of ruling Ithaca wisely, while Ulysses seeks adventure.

5. What does Ulysses mean by “To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield”?
Answer: This line shows his determination to keep striving, exploring, and achieving despite old age or difficulties.

6. Why does Ulysses want to go on another voyage?
Answer: He wants to continue exploring, gaining knowledge, and experiencing life until his death, because inactivity is meaningless to him.

7. How does Tennyson portray old age in the poem “Ulysses”?
Answer: Old age is shown as a time when the body may weaken, but the spirit, courage, and desire for knowledge can remain strong.

8. What is the central theme of the poem “Ulysses”?
Answer: The poem highlights the indomitable human spirit, the pursuit of adventure and knowledge, and the importance of striving until the end of life.

9. What is the significance of the ship in the poem?
Answer: The ship symbolizes adventure, life’s journey, and the quest for knowledge and achievement.

10. Mention one example of a literary device used in the poem.
Answer: “To follow knowledge like a sinking star” is a metaphor, comparing Ulysses’ desire for knowledge to chasing a dying star.

8. Long-Answer Questions of the poem “Ulysses” by Alfred Lord Tennyson:

1. Explain the character of Ulysses as presented in the poem.

Answer:

Ulysses is portrayed as a restless, heroic, and ambitious man who refuses to accept a life of inactivity. Even after returning home and becoming the king of Ithaca, he feels dissatisfied with the routine life of ruling people who neither understand nor appreciate him. He believes that life is meant to be lived actively, with purpose, adventure, and the pursuit of knowledge. Ulysses reflects on his past adventures, his battles in the Trojan War, and his travels across distant lands, which have shaped his personality. Though old, he retains courage, determination, and a desire to explore, showing that the human spirit is indomitable. He also demonstrates wisdom by handing over the responsibilities of the kingdom to his son, Telemachus, so that he can follow his own path. Overall, Ulysses embodies the spirit of perseverance, heroism, and the continuous search for meaning in life.

2. What is the central theme of the poem “Ulysses”?

Answer:

The central theme of “Ulysses” is the indomitable human spirit and the desire to live life fully through action, knowledge, and adventure. The poem emphasizes that age and comfort should not stop a person from striving for purpose and achievement. Ulysses shows that a meaningful life is not about idle ruling, but about continuous exploration, learning, and experience. The poem also highlights the contrast between action and passivity, as Ulysses hands over the kingdom to his responsible son, Telemachus, while he follows his desire for adventure. Another key theme is the value of perseverance and courage, summarized in the famous closing line, “To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.” Thus, the poem inspires readers to remain ambitious, curious, and brave till the very end of life.

3. Describe the role of Telemachus in the poem.

Answer:

Telemachus, the son of Ulysses, plays an important role in the poem as the responsible heir of Ithaca. Unlike his father, who is adventurous and restless, Telemachus is patient, wise, and disciplined. Ulysses trusts him to rule the kingdom peacefully and wisely, gradually reforming the people through careful governance. Telemachus represents order, stability, and domestic responsibility, in contrast to Ulysses’ thirst for adventure and exploration. The contrast between father and son highlights the different approaches to life — one seeks action and knowledge, while the other ensures the continuity of law, order, and civilization. By handing over the kingdom to Telemachus, Ulysses demonstrates wisdom and practicality, showing that even a heroic figure must recognize the importance of delegation and trust.

4. How does Tennyson depict old age in the poem “Ulysses”?

Answer:

In “Ulysses”, Tennyson depicts old age as physically weakening but not spiritually limiting. Though Ulysses admits that he and his companions are old, he insists that courage, willpower, and desire for adventure remain strong. Old age is shown as a stage when experience and wisdom can guide action, but it should not lead to inactivity or resignation. Ulysses’ restless spirit proves that one can continue to explore, strive, and seek knowledge, even when the body has aged. Tennyson emphasizes that life’s value lies in purpose and action, not merely in survival. The poem inspires readers to maintain energy, courage, and ambition, regardless of age.

5. Discuss the use of poetic devices in “Ulysses” and their effect.

Answer:
Tennyson uses several poetic devices in “Ulysses” to enhance its meaning and emotional impact:

Metaphor: “To follow knowledge like a sinking star” compares Ulysses’ desire for knowledge to chasing a star, emphasizing his relentless curiosity.
Allusion: References to “Troy” and “Achilles” connect Ulysses to Greek mythology, highlighting his heroic past.
Imagery: Lines such as “Far on the ringing plains of windy Troy” create vivid pictures of his adventures.
Personification: “Gray spirit yearning in desire” gives human qualities to his spirit, showing its restless nature.
Repetition: “To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield” emphasizes his determination and heroic resolve.
Enjambment: Many lines flow into the next, creating a sense of continuity and mirroring Ulysses’ ongoing journey.

These devices enhance the themes of adventure, courage, and the pursuit of knowledge, and make the poem vivid, inspirational, and memorable.

6. Explain why Ulysses is considered a heroic figure.

Answer:

Ulysses is considered heroic because he embodies courage, perseverance, and the desire for achievement. He has fought bravely in the Trojan War, traveled across distant lands, and faced numerous dangers, earning fame and respect. Even after returning home, he does not settle for comfort or idleness; instead, he continues to seek adventure and knowledge, showing determination and resilience. Ulysses also demonstrates wisdom by entrusting the kingdom to his son, balancing personal ambition with responsibility. His willingness to face uncertainty and danger in old age highlights his undaunted spirit. Through his actions and mindset, he represents the ideal of heroism — striving, exploring, and never giving up, no matter the circumstances.

9. MCQs of the poem “Ulysses” by Alfred Lord Tennyson:

Who is the speaker of the poem “Ulysses”?
A) Telemachus
B) Ulysses
C) Tennyson
D) Achilles

Answer: B) Ulysses

Why is Ulysses dissatisfied with his life as king?
A) He has no wealth
B) His people do not understand or appreciate him
C) He has no family
D) He is tired of traveling

Answer: B) His people do not understand or appreciate him

Who is Telemachus in the poem?
A) Ulysses’ friend
B) Ulysses’ son
C) A Trojan warrior
D) A poet

Answer: B) Ulysses’ son

Which line shows Ulysses’ determination to keep striving till the end?
A) “To follow knowledge like a sinking star”
B) “To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield”
C) “Life piled on life were all too little”
D) “By this still hearth, among these barren crags”

Answer: B) “To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield”

Which of the following is an example of allusion in the poem?
A) “Gray spirit yearning in desire”
B) “Far on the ringing plains of windy Troy”
C) “How dull it is to pause, to make an end”
D) “The lights begin to twinkle from the rocks”

Answer: B) “Far on the ringing plains of windy Troy”

What does the ship in the poem symbolize?
A) Death and destruction
B) Adventure and the journey of life
C) Old age
D) Domestic life

Answer: B) Adventure and the journey of life

What quality of Telemachus is highlighted in the poem?
A) Bravery and strength
B) Patience and wisdom
C) Restlessness and ambition
D) Heroism in war

Answer: B) Patience and wisdom

Which line shows Ulysses’ desire for knowledge and experience?
A) “I cannot rest from travel: I will drink / Life to the lees”
B) “There lies the port; the vessel puffs her sail”
C) “Death closes all: but something ere the end”
D) “One equal temper of heroic hearts”

Answer: A) “I cannot rest from travel: I will drink / Life to the lees”

Which literary device is used in: “To follow knowledge like a sinking star”?
A) Simile
B) Metaphor
C) Personification
D) Hyperbole

Answer: A) Simile

Which theme is most prominent in “Ulysses”?
A) Love and marriage
B) Restlessness, adventure, and perseverance
C) Wealth and power
D) Friendship and loyalty

Answer: B) Restlessness, adventure, and perseverance

How does Tennyson portray old age in the poem?
A) As a time to rest completely
B) As a stage of weakness but with a strong spirit
C) As useless and meaningless
D) As a period of regret only

Answer: B) As a stage of weakness but with a strong spirit

What does Ulysses entrust to Telemachus?
A) His treasure
B) The kingdom of Ithaca
C) His ship and crew
D) His heroic fame

Answer: B) The kingdom of Ithaca

Which of the following best reflects the tone of the poem?
A) Sad and regretful
B) Bold, adventurous, and inspiring
C) Romantic and emotional
D) Angry and bitter

Answer: B) Bold, adventurous, and inspiring

10. Vocabulary of the difficult used in of the poem “Ulysses” by Alfred Lord Tennyson:

Idle

Meaning: Not active; lazy or unproductive
Synonyms: Lazy, inactive, useless
Antonyms: Active, busy, industrious
Example: Ulysses feels that sitting idle as a king brings little profit.

Barren

Meaning: Empty, unproductive, or without life
Synonyms: Sterile, desolate, unfruitful
Antonyms: Fertile, productive, fruitful
Example: He sits among barren crags, feeling restless.

Measuring and doling

Meaning: Distributing or giving out in portions
Synonyms: Distributing, allotting, apportioning
Antonyms: Withholding, keeping, hoarding
Example: Ulysses rules by measuring and doling laws to his people.

Vexed

Meaning: Troubled or irritated
Synonyms: Disturbed, annoyed, upset
Antonyms: Calm, pleased, content
Example: He remembers the sea vexed by storms during his travels.

Lees

Meaning: The sediment left at the bottom of a liquid; metaphorically, the last drop or remainder of life
Synonyms: Dregs, remnants, residue
Antonyms: Fullness, entirety, beginning
Example: “I will drink life to the lees” means he wants to live life fully to the last moment.

Gleams

Meaning: Shines or flashes of light
Synonyms: Shine, glimmer, sparkle
Antonyms: Darkness, dullness, shadow
Example: Experience gives glimpses or gleams of untraveled worlds.

Rugged

Meaning: Rough, harsh, or difficult
Synonyms: Harsh, rough, uneven
Antonyms: Smooth, gentle, mild
Example: Ulysses describes his people as a rugged race needing guidance.

Vile

Meaning: Extremely bad or unpleasant
Synonyms: Wicked, evil, despicable
Antonyms: Noble, good, virtuous
Example: It would be vile for him to waste his remaining time doing nothing.

Yearning

Meaning: Strong desire or longing
Synonyms: Desire, longing, craving
Antonyms: Indifference, dislike, aversion
Example: His gray spirit is still yearning to follow knowledge.

Sceptre

Meaning: A staff carried by a king as a symbol of authority
Synonyms: Rod, staff, authority
Antonyms: None directly, but opposite in meaning could be powerlessness
Example: He leaves the sceptre to his son Telemachus.

Twinkle

Meaning: Shine with a flickering or intermittent light
Synonyms: Sparkle, glimmer, shimmer
Antonyms: Fade, dim, darken
Example: “The lights begin to twinkle from the rocks” describes evening approaching.

Strive

Meaning: Make great efforts or struggle to achieve something
Synonyms: Struggle, attempt, endeavor
Antonyms: Give up, surrender, yield
Example: Ulysses wants to strive, seek, find, and not yield, showing his determination.

Abides

Meaning: Remains or continues
Synonyms: Remains, persists, endures
Antonyms: Ends, disappears, ceases
Example: “Much abides” means much still remains despite the losses of time and age.

Mariners

Meaning: Sailors or people who work on ships
Synonyms: Sailors, seamen, navigators
Antonyms: Land-dwellers (opposite in context)
Example: Ulysses calls his mariners to join him on a final voyage.

Happy Isles

Meaning: Mythical islands representing peace, reward, or afterlife
Synonyms: Paradise, heaven, blissful place
Antonyms: Hell, suffering, misery
Example: He hopes they may touch the Happy Isles and meet great heroes like Achilles

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