Geography Class 8 Guess Paper
(For
8th Centralized Exam 2024 and onward, FDE, Islamabad)
1. Website for School and College Level Physics
(https://askrarequiz.blogspot.com)
2. Website for School and College Level Mathematics
(https://askraremaths.blogspot.com)
3. Website for Single National
Curriculum Pakistan - All Subjects Notes
(https://askrareclassnotes.blogspot.com/)
Q1. What are the causes
of Ocean Currents?
Ans:
Ocean currents are continuous, directed movements of ocean water caused by a number of factors. Ocean currents have specific names, directions, and speeds. Ocean Currents can be grouped into surface and deep currents.
Surface Currents are caused by winds and their direction is modified by the effects of the rotation of the Earth and continental margins. Whereas deep currents are caused by salinity and temperature differences of the water.
Q2. What are water waves?
Ans:
Water waves are a series of crests and troughs that are developed on the surface of the water by the dragging effects of the winds. Waves do not displace water from one place to another, rather they are the means of moving energy through water. Ripples, Chops, Swells, and Tsunamis are the types of waves.
Q35. Write the names of the five major seas of the world?
Ans:
Major seas of the world:
Following are the names of the major seas of the world:-
1. Mediterranean seas 2.
Caribbean seas 3. Black
seas
4. Arabian seas 5.
Caspian sea
Q4. What is meant by
extreme weather? Give examples.
Ans:
Extreme weather is a deviation of weather in terms of intensity
from the range that has been seen in the past. Deviation from regular
weather patterns leads to extreme weather or extreme
climate Extreme weather or extreme climate events include
unexpected, unusual, severe, or unseasonal weather;
Examples;
1.
Hurricane or cyclone includes strong wind and heavy rain.
2.
Flood: Happens when heavy rainfall in a short period f time.
3.
Tornados are accompanied by clouds, strong wind, rain, and hail.
4.
Hail storm: Form of precipitating consisting of lumps of ice.
Q5. Define global warming.
Ans:
A gradual increase in
average global temperature is called global warming. Global temperatures
have increased by approximately 1°C over the last 100 years over the last
three decades, human activities have increased the volume of greenhouse
gases in the air and that has increased the impact of the greenhouse
effect. Due to the increase in greenhouse gases in the air, the climate f
Earth is becoming warmer.
Q6. What are the consequences of global warming?
Ans:
1. The moisture from land and water is rapidly evaporating due to
the high temperature. This causes drought. Some plants and animals
would not be able to survive in drier conditions.
2. Increased ocean temperatures are melting glaciers and ice caps
all over the world. Melted ice increases the volume of water in our oceans. Warmer
temperatures also result in the expansion of the water's mass, which
causes sea levels to rise, threatening low-lying islands and coastal
cities.
3. An increase in temperature may damage crops However, an increase
in temperature due to global warming might improve conditions for crops in
colder, northern regions.
Q7. Define
pollution and its types?
Ans:
Pollution means all unhealthy changes that are happening in our
environment. In simple words, the addition of anything that brings unhealthy
change to the quality of air, soil, and water and affects man and other
living organisms is called pollution.
Types of Pollution :
i. Air Pollution
ii. Water Pollution
iii. Land Pollution
iv. Noise Pollution
v. Light Pollution
Q8. What is the impact of air pollution on our life?
Ans:
1. Breathing in polluted air can cause a variety of respiratory
problems.
2. Air pollution can trigger serious diseases such as heart
problems, asthma, pneumonia, eye issues, and lung cancer.
3. Children are especially at high risk of asthma.
Q9. How do environmental problems affect different places
in the world?
Ans: We live in an interconnected world. Any change in the
environment of a place affects the other places directly and indirectly.
We are using the same resources as air, water, oceans, and forests. Human
and environmental impacts of the problem cross the borders of any country
and can be felt everywhere.
Example: Pollution, forests fires, deforestation,
extinction of species, and smog are such problems that create
trouble within the county but also for other countries
Q10. Name
four industries of Pakistan.
Ans:
The
following are the four main industries of Pakistan.
1.
Textile industry
2.
Cement industry
3.
Iron and steel industry.
4.
Fertilizer industry.
Q11. What is meant by
bilateral trade?
Ans:
Bilateral trade is the exchange of goods between two countries
promoting trade and investment. The two countries reduce or eliminate tariffs,
restraints, and other trade barriers to encourage trade and investment.
Q12. What is meant by
large-scale industry?
Ans:
The large-scale industry employs a large number of people and
consumes a vast quantity of power. For large-scale industries, huge
capital is needed. For example, the textile industry
is a large-scale industry in Pakistan.
Q13. Write the names of the sea ports of Pakistan
and their importance in trade.
Ans:
Karachi Port:
It is a deep-water port and the busiest port in Pakistan that handles about 60%
of Pakistan‘s cargo deals.
Port Qasim:
It is Pakistan’s second busiest port. It handles the remaining cargo dealings
of Pakistan.
Port of Gwadar:
It is a very important national as well as international port situated in the
Arabian sea in Pakistan. It has gained more economic and strategic
importance due to CPEC.
Q14. What
is the difference between GDP and GNP?
Ans: The
difference between GPP and GNP is as follows
GDP:
- It is taken
from the word Gross Domestic Product.
- GDP
represents the Total monetary value of all finished goods and services
usually in one year within the country.
GNP:
- It is taken
from the word Gross National Product.
- GNP refers to
the total value of finished goods and services produced by a country's
citizens given in a financial year.
Q15. Enlist the economic
development indicators Important for development.
Ans:
Following
is the list of economic development indicators.
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- Gross National Product (GNP)
- Wealth inequality
- Inflation
- Unemployment
Q16. What are the
consequences of wealth inequality?
Ans:
Consequences
of wealth inequality:
- Due
to wealth inequality, a few people own the major portion of the wealth of
the nation.
- The
remaining portion becomes the prey to poverty.
- The
gap between riches and the poor increases.
Q1. What are the possible
threats to the ocean?
Ans:-
Possible
Threats to the Ocean:
Only
13% of the total area covered by oceans remains untouched by the damaging
impacts of human activities. Most of the oceans are under the Influence of
human activities. Some such activities are:
Oil
& Gas Drilling:
Offshore
drilling results in the spilling of crude oil, natural gas liquids, diesel, or
hydraulic fluid into surrounding marine environments. These chemicals kill or
damage plankton, coral reefs, small fish, and larvae.
Pollution:
Pollution
is a huge problem faced by marine ecosystems as large quantities of garbage and
waste are continuously being dumped into oceans.
Over-fishing:
Humans
are catching more and more fish every year, leading to serious marine
biodiversity losses.
Ocean
Acidification:
Industrial
activities have been emitting large amounts of carbon dioxide Into the Earth's
atmosphere. A significant portion of this carbon dioxide is absorbed by
seawater resulting in an increased concentration of hydrogen ions. This makes
the seawater more acidic.
Mangrove
Deforestation:
Mangrove
forests act as buffer zones between land and sea, they protect coastal land
from erosion and serve as breeding and nursery grounds for a variety of marine
life forms such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Cutting down
mangroves causes harmful impacts on marine ecosystems.
Q2. What are the main
causes of climate change?
Ans:
Climate change is a change in the average climatic conditions of
an area. An area can become colder or warmer, wetter, or drier over time. Our
Earth is experiencing climatic changes for the last thousands of years. The
climate of the Earth was not the same as we are experiencing it today; rather
it has undergone various climatic changes in the past.
Main causes
of climate change:
There are several reasons for climate change, and the following
paragraphs discuss these reasons that cause climate change including the
movement of tectonic plates, changes in the Earth's orbit, human activities,
and atmospheric changes.
a. Plate
Tectonics:
The movement of continents over millions of years caused by
tectonic plate movement may affect climate change.
The changing position of the continents changes wind flow and
ocean currents around the globe. These changes affect the temperature and
precipitation patterns of the continents and oceans. Thus, the climate of any
particular Continent is not the same as it was millions of years ago.
b. Orbital
Changes:
It includes
i. Changes
in the shape of Earth's orbit:
Earth's orbit changes from elliptical to circular shape and that
affects Earth's distance from the Sun. Earth's distance from the Sun causes
climate changes on the Earth. Climatic changes due to changes in the shape of
Earth's orbit take place over 100000 years.
ii. Changes
in the Earth's tilt:
An increase or decrease in the tilt of the Earth's axis results
in changes in temperature patterns on Earth's surface, as well as its spinning
speed.
iii. The
wobble of the Earth on its axis:
The wobble of the Earth on its axis changes the direction of the
Earth's tilt and that can change the occurrence of seasons. These changes occur
in cycles of 26000 years.
c. Human
Activities:
The amount of carbon dioxide is increasing due to pollution from
domestic, agricultural, transport, and industrial releases into the atmosphere.
Deforestation and the burning of trees also release carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere.
An increase in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere
is leading to global warming. Carbon dioxide molecules retain heat resulting in
an increase in the temperature of the atmosphere. Global warming refers to the
rise in temperatures around Earth. This increase in temperature causes climate
changes in the world.
d. Volcanic
Activity:
Large volcanic eruptions can influence climates around the
world. Sulfur and ash from volcanic eruptions can decrease temperatures by
reflecting sunlight back into space. These changes last from a few weeks to
several years and depend on the strength and duration of that eruption.
Q3. Explain
the relationship between extreme weather and climate change.
Ans:
Extreme
weather events, like heat waves, droughts, and heavy precipitation are directly
linked to climate changes. The impact of global warming is being felt
everywhere.
- Oceans
are getting warmer and tropical storms are becoming more stronger.
- In
2020 Atlantic hurricane season included a record-breaking 30 tropical
storms with 6 major hurricanes.
- The
United States saw an unprecedented 22 weather and climate disasters that
caused at least a billion dollars in damage in 2020.
- Extreme
heat waves have caused tens of thousands of deaths around the world in
recent years.
Antarctica
has lost nearly four trillion metric tons of ice since the 1990s. If burning
fossil fuels at the current pace continue, it will cause sea levels to rise several
meters in the next 50 to 150 years wreaking havoc on coastal communities
worldwide.
Q4. Highlight
the main causes of pollution and suggest ways to reduce them.
Ans:
Main causes
of Pollution:
1.
Burning of fossil fuels:
Such as coal, oil, and gas to produce electricity or
transportation.
2.
Automobiles:
Gasses emitted from vehicles.
3.
Agricultural activities:
Pesticides and fertilizers emit harmful chemicals.
4.
Factories and industries
Emit carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and organic compounds.
5.
Mining activities
Dust and chemicals and released while mining.
6.
Domestic sources
Household cleaning products and paints contain chemicals.
7.
Construction and Demolition
Raw materials such as bricks and concrete cause haze.
8. Open
burning of Garbage waste
9.
Volcanic eruption.
Volcanoes release sulfur dioxide into the air.
Suggestions
to reduce pollution:
Pollution is a worldwide problem it has no boundaries. Pollution
that originates in one country can also damage other countries through
water and air. So national and international efforts must be made to
minimize pollution. As an individual and a community, we can contribute to
reducing the harmful effects of environmental pollution by the following
measures:
2. Environment-friendly ad energy-efficient vehicles should be used.
3. Use of public transport should be preferred to personal cars.
4. Factories, airports, and major bus terminals should be constructed far away from residential areas.
5. Government must check waste treatment plants in factories. Factories should not be allowed to discharge their chemical wastewater into streams, canals, rivers, or seas without treatment.
6. Drivers should avoid the use of pressure horns near schools, hospitals, and busy streets.
7. Proper noise silencers should be used in vehicles.
8. Loud sound systems and the use of megaphones by vendors must be avoided.
9. We should focus on planting more trees to make the environment better.
10. There should be less use of pesticides and fertilizers for crops. This will reduce the runoff of pollutant material into nearby water sources.
Q2. What
responsibilities do individuals have to protect natural resources?
Ans:
1.
Reduce, reuse, and recycle:
The
best way to minimize pollution is to make sure that you are not adding to the
existing waste. This means finding multiple uses for an item. In the long run,
you want to reduce the amount of waste you generate. However, these wastes are
found to end up in a landfill and contribute to overall pollution.
2.
Planting trees:
Planting
trees can help greatly in reducing global warming than any other method. They
absorb carbon dioxide which makes up 82% of greenhouse gases.
3.
Awareness:
People
should be educated through media and motivational speakers that can help them
to understand the value of natural resources.
4.
Conserve Water:
Individually,
taking shorter showers or turning the tap while brushing can reduce water waste
at home levels.
5.
Conserve energy:
Turn
off any lights, television, or computers after you leave a room. Unplug
appliances like air conditioners, toasters, and microwave ovens when not in use
as they continue to use a small amount of electricity, we should use
long-lasting bulbs and LED lights.
6. Use
of public transport:
Cars
are harmful to the environment. Taking public transport, walking, or riding a
bicycle or better options that help options that help the environment.
7.
Avoid plastic bags:
Say
no to plastic grocery bags and always encourage bags that can be decomposed.
8. Use
of alternative resources:
Use
alternative resources like hydroelectric power, wind energy, and solar energy instead
of coal, gas, and oil.
Q6. Explain the links between industrialization and urbanization.
Ans:-
Industrialization:
Industrialization is a large field of human activities. In this, people
change raw materials into usable finished goods through various
processes with machines and tools.
Urbanization:
Urbanization is the growth
and development of cities when a large number of people become
permanently concentrated in relatively small areas and form
cities.
Links between industrialization and
urbanization:
Cities
grow because industrial factories require large workforces and their families
need places to live near their jobs. When more people come into cities other
industries, such as marketing, banking, insurance, and security also get a
chance to flourish.
7. What
are modes of transportation and their characteristics?
Ans:
Modes of transportation
mean a combination of networks, vehicles, and their working. The different
modes of transportation are roads, railways, air, and water. All these modes
have made the world a much smaller place. Buses, trucks, trains, aeroplanes,
ships, etc. are different forms of transport
Mode of
Transport:
i. Road
Transport:
- Road transport is the most common and cheap mode of
transport.
- This involves the use of vehicles cars, buses, and trucks.
- High capacity for carrying goods over short distances.
ii.
Railway Transport
- It is used for the movement of both passengers and goods.
- It is suitable for transferring bulky goods over long
distances.
- It is very cheap, safe and comfortable for passengers.
iii.
Air Transport
- It is the latest means of transportation.
- It is used to travel and transport goods by air.
- For Example, airplane helicopters,s, and jet fighters.
- It is a very expensive mode of transportation.
iv.
Water Transport
- It is the cheapest way of transporting bulky goods from one
country to another.
- Ship transport is primarily used for the carriage of people
and cargo.
- There are two major types of water transport: (I) Inland water
transport and (II) Ocean waterways.
Q8. Evaluate
the importance of effective transportation for international trade?
Ans:
International trade is also known as global trade. It is an economic link between two or more countries. It refers to the exchange or buying and selling of goods and services across international borders. Through an effective transportation system raises the standard of living can be raised by generating income from the export of goods.
- Well
organized transportation system reduces time budget and energy resources.
- An
efficient transport system improves and promotes the production of
international trade.
- Land
transport can be the most flexible choice for international trade.
- Air
transport is the best option for international trade for long distances.
- Sea
or ocean transport is ideal due to its low costs.
************************************
************************************
Shortcut Links For:
1. 5th Class All Subjects Notes
2. 8th Class All Subjects Notes
0 Comments
Start Tuition (in Pakistan or Abroad) from Experienced Online Teachers.
Contact WhatsApp for tutoring and Assignment help on +923339719149