Computer Science SLO Based Key Point Notes

👉👉👉 Computer Science 12th Class Notes (Main Page)

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Unit 3: Object-Oriented Programming in C++


3.4 Operators in C++:

Operators are the symbols that are used to perform certain operations on data.

3.4.1 Types of Operator in C++:

 Assignment Operator

1.  Assignment Operator (=)

Assignment operator = is used in assignment statement to assign a value or computational result to a variable.

Syntax:

Variable = expression;

Example:
1. A = 100;
2. C = A + B;
3. X = Y;

2. Arithmetic Operators

Those operators which are used to perform mathematical operations on numeric data values are called Arithmetic Operators.


3.  Arithmetic Assignment Operators

C++ language provides assignment operators that combine assignment operators with arithmetic operators which are used to perform mathematical operations.

Syntax:

variable op= expression;

Where op can be any mathematical operator.

Example:

1. A += 10; is equivalent to A = A + 10;
2. A – = 10; is equivalent to A = A–10;
3. A *= 10; is equivalent to A = A * 10;
4. A /= 10; is equivalent to A = A / 10;
5. A %= 10; is equivalent to A = A % 10;

4(a) Increment Operator

The increment operator is used to increase the value of a variable by 1.
Increment operator can be used in two forms:
Prefix form: The increment operator is written before the variable i.e. ++y;

4(B) Decrement Operator

The decrement operator is used to decrease the value of a variable by 1.
The decrement operator can be used in two forms:
  1. Prefix form: The decrement operator is written before the variable i.e. --y;
  2. Postfix form: The decrement operator is written after the variable i.e. y--;

Difference between Prefix & Postfix of increment/decrement operator

  • When these operators are used independently, prefix and postfix form work similarly i.e. the result of A++ and ++A is the same.
  • But when these operators are used in a larger expression with other operators than they work differently i.e. A = --B and A = B-- are different.
  • In prefix form, the statement A = ++B works in the following manner:
                – It increments the value of B by 1
                – It assigns the value of B to A.
  • In postfix form, the statement A = B++ works in the following manner:
                – It assigns the value of B to A
                – It increments the value by 1.

5. Relational Operators:

  • The relational operators are used to compare different data values.
  • They produce results as TRUE or FALSE.
  • They are used to specify the conditions in the program.
  • They are also called comparison Operators as they test conditions that are either TRUE or FALSE.



6. Logical Operators

Logical Operators are used to evaluate compound condition i.e. a statement consists of more than one condition. 
Following are the logical operators used in C language.

1.  AND operator (&&):

It is used to evaluate two conditions. It returns TRUE if both conditions are TRUE and returns FALSE if both or any one condition is FALSE.

Examples:
        (A < 10) && (B>50)
        (Result ==“PASS”) &&(Percentage > 70)


2.  OR operator (||):

It is used to evaluate two conditions. It returns TRUE if both or any one condition is TRUE and returns FALSE if both conditions are FALSE.

Examples:
        (A < 50) || (B > 50)

3.  NOT operator (!):

It is used to reverse the result of a condition. It returns TRUE if the condition is FALSE and returns FALSE if the condition is TRUE. 

Example:
        !(A == B)


7. Ternary Operator

  • It is used to return one of two values depending on the result of a condition.
  • It is also known as a conditional operator.
  • The condition operator has a general form:
                (condition)? Expression 1: Expression 2;

  • Condition evaluates to either true or false
  • If it is true the entire conditional expression takes on the value of expression1.
  • If it is false the entire conditional expression takes on the value of expression2.

Example:

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conion.h>
void main()
{
        clrscr();
        int x,y,k;
        x=15;
        y=10;
        k= (x>y)? x+y: x-y;
        cout<<“the value of k is “<<k;
        getch();
}


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👉👉👉 Computer Science 12th Class Notes (Main Page)

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(National Book Foundation - As Federal Textbook Board, Islamabad 
Based on National Curriculum Pakistan 2026-2027 and Onward prescribed by Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Islamabad, and All Pakistan Boards) 

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