3.4.1 Types of Operator in C++, Chapter 3 - Object Oriented Programming in C++, HSSC-II (12th Class) Computer Science Key Point Notes

12th Class (HSSC-II) Computer SLO Based Key Point Notes

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Unit 3: Object-Oriented Programming in C++

3.4 Operators in C++:

Operators are the symbols that are used to perform certain operations on data.

3.4.1 Types of Operator in C++:

 Assignment Operator

1.  Assignment Operator (=)

Assignment operator = is used in assignment statement to assign a value or computational result to a variable.

Syntax:

Variable = expression;

Example:
1. A = 100;
2. C = A + B;
3. X = Y;

2. Arithmetic Operators

Those operators which are used to perform mathematical operations on numeric data values are called Arithmetic Operators.

3.  Arithmetic Assignment Operators

C++ language provides assignment operators that combine assignment operators with arithmetic operators which are used to perform mathematical operations.

Syntax:

variable op= expression;

Where op can be any mathematical operator.

Example:

1. A += 10; is equivalent to A = A + 10;
2. A – = 10; is equivalent to A = A–10;
3. A *= 10; is equivalent to A = A * 10;
4. A /= 10; is equivalent to A = A / 10;
5. A %= 10; is equivalent to A = A % 10;

4(a) Increment Operator

The increment operator is used to increase the value of a variable by 1.

Increment operator can be used in two forms:

Prefix form: The increment operator is written before the variable i.e. ++y;

4(B) Decrement Operator

The decrement operator is used to decrease the value of a variable by 1.

The decrement operator can be used in two forms:

1. Prefix form: The decrement operator is written before the variable i.e. --y;
2. Postfix form: The decrement operator is written after the variable i.e. y--;

Difference between Prefix & Postfix of increment/decrement operator

• When these operators are used independently, prefix and postfix form work similarly i.e. the result of A++ and ++A is the same.
• But when these operators are used in a larger expression with other operators than they work differently i.e. A = --B and A = B-- are different.
• In prefix form, the statement A = ++B works in the following manner:

                – It increments the value of B by 1
                – It assigns the value of B to A.

• In postfix form, the statement A = B++ works in the following manner:

                – It assigns the value of B to A
                – It increments the value by 1.

5. Relational Operators:

• The relational operators are used to compare different data values.
• They produce results as TRUE or FALSE.
• They are used to specify the conditions in the program.
• They are also called comparison Operators as they test conditions that are either TRUE or FALSE.

6. Logical Operators

Logical Operators are used to evaluate compound condition i.e. a statement consists of more than one condition. 

Following are the logical operators used in C language.

1.  AND operator (&&):

It is used to evaluate two conditions. It returns TRUE if both conditions are TRUE and returns FALSE if both or any one condition is FALSE.

Examples:
        (A < 10) && (B>50)
        (Result ==“PASS”) &&(Percentage > 70)

2.  OR operator (||):

It is used to evaluate two conditions. It returns TRUE if both or any one condition is TRUE and returns FALSE if both conditions are FALSE.

Examples:
        (A < 50) || (B > 50)

3.  NOT operator (!):

It is used to reverse the result of a condition. It returns TRUE if the condition is FALSE and returns FALSE if the condition is TRUE. 

Example:

        !(A == B)

7. Ternary Operator

• It is used to return one of two values depending on the result of a condition.
• It is also known as a conditional operator.
• The condition operator has a general form:

                (condition)? Expression 1: Expression 2;

• Condition evaluates to either true or false
• If it is true the entire conditional expression takes on the value of expression1.
• If it is false the entire conditional expression takes on the value of expression2.

Example:

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conion.h>
void main()
{
        clrscr();
        int x,y,k;
        x=15;
        y=10;
        k= (x>y)? x+y: x-y;
        cout<<“the value of k is “<<k;
        getch();
}

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3.1 Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP):

3.1.1 Computer Program/Software:

3.1.2 Header File and Reserved Words

3.1.3 Structure of C++ Program

3.1.4 C++ program statement Terminator:

3.1.5 Comment statement in C++ Program:

3.2.1 C++ Constants and Variables

3.2.2 Rules for Naming a Variable:

3.2.3 Different C++ data types for variable

3.2.4 The Constant Qualifier (const)

3.2.5 Variable Declaration and Initialization

3.2.6 Type Casting

3.3: Input / Output Handling

3.3.1 The cout Statement

3.3.2 The cin Statement:

3.3.3 The getch() function:

3.3.4 Commonly Used Escape Sequences

3.3.5 Commonly Used Escape Sequences

3.3.6 The Programing with I/O Handling Function

3.3.7 The Manipulators endl and setw

3.4.1 Types of Operator in C++:

3.4.2 UNARY, BINARY AND TERNARY OPERATORS

3.4.3 Order of Precedence of Operator

3.4.4 Expression in C++

4.1.4. The Switch Statement:

Chapter 3 (Complete Key Point Notes)

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