Answer the following questions.
Q.1 Explain the positive and negative impacts of the Dark Ages on Europe. Provide a judgment with your own understanding.
Answer:
It refers to the time between the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance. The Dark Ages were also. Characterized by frequent warfare between Barbarians and Mongols.
- The term Dark Ages. 500 AD – 1000 AD Is frequently used interchangeably with Middle Ages.
- Catholic Christianity flourished in Western Europe during this time period
- The Roman Empire gradually disintegrated into many smaller political entities of empires. Feudalism remained the dominant political system in Western Europe.
- The most wealthy and powerful members of society created Cathedrals, Churches, sculptures, paintings textiles, Manuscripts, jewelry, and ritual items.
- The Byzantine Empire remained a powerful political entity in the East.
Q. 2 What were the main characteristics of the Feudal system?
Answer:
Feudalism is a political and economic system based on land ownership and personal loyalty. It was the need of the day to bring politically fractured society back together.
There are three main characteristics.
1) Political:
The King commanded absolute power based on God’s will. The Catholic Church held considerable powers in government affairs.
2) Economic:
People had specific jobs that they had to do for their entire lives.
3) Social:
The Feudal pyramid was a social structure of hierarchical nature. Some individuals were more important than others.
Q. 3 Analyse the effects of the fall of the Roman Empire.
Answer:
Following are the effects of the fall of the Roman Empire.
- With the collapse of Roman rule 476 A D, the centralized structure of the Empire had vanished. As a result, a number of tribal CChiefdome merged. The Collapse of centralized authority led to the rise of Feudal states in Europe.
- The Barbarians’ invasions destroyed the entire social and economic infrastructure. However, the Church as a strong entity survived and provided some orders and security during this time of Political instability.
- Trade was disrupted because merchants were attacked from both, land and sea routes. Their business was doomed. The breakdown of trade
- Devastated the economic hubs of Europe.
- Advancement and learning slowed down. The medieval age is generally known for the decline in literacy and learning.
- Latin languages were no longer understood. Because Germanic-speaking people mixed with the Roman population. French, Spanish, and other Roman-based languages emerged from Latin.
Q. 4 Evaluate the impacts of the Mongol invasion on Europe.
Answer:
As Europe Lived through the Middle Ages, The world witnessed the rise of Mongols in Asia. The Mongols were Nomadic warring people from Central Asia. The Mongol era is best known for its overwhelming Military powers.
- After establishing the rule, The Mongols allowed the people to retain their local institutions and cultures.
- During the Mongol era, travelers such as Marco Polo brought back information about China and provided access to Chinese technologies. Also, Sea explorers for instance Christopher Columbus discovered India’s riches.
- The tax system was established by the Mongols. Banking and Insurance practices spread from Eurasia to Europe, resulting in Economic stability in these parts of the world.
- During this time the Black Death or Plague broke out in China and quickly spread through the Middle East and Europe. The Plague. Killed one-quarter to one-third of the population of Western Europe and the Middle East.
Q.5. Why were the Knights so important for the feudal kingdoms?
Answer:
The feudal system was founded on the principles of Rights and obligations in order to govern the Kingdom effectively.
- Social classes were well-defined. The system looked like a pyramid in which the King, Church, Lords, and PeasanPeasant were associated with each other according to their role power, and prestige in the society.
- By the 11th century, Western Europe had become a battleground of feudal nobility seeking dominance Feudal Lords raised private armies of Knights and cavalry to defend their lands. The code of chivalry, a complicated set of beliefs, required knights to battle bravely to defend their Lord.
- The weak and poor were likewise safeguarded by the gallant Knights.
Source: Class 7 History Book (National Book Foundation, Pakistan)
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