50 Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) MCQs (Level 3) on Fluid Dynamics, Physics (Unit-Wise MCQs Practice):

👉Physics MCQs Hub – Unit wise Physics MCQs Practice (Main-Page)👈

Whether you are preparing for Board Exams, school tests, college assessments, university exams, ECAT, MDCAT, NTS, PIEAS, GIKI, UET, FAST, NUST, or other competitive examinations, this comprehensive Fluid Dynamics MCQs Collection is designed to strengthen your conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills.

This chapter covers all the essential topics, including ideal and real fluids, streamline and turbulent flow, equation of continuity, Bernoulli's principle, pressure in moving fluids, viscosity, coefficient of viscosity, Stokes' law, Reynolds number, drag force, terminal velocity, critical velocity, Torricelli's theorem, Venturi meter, Pitot tube, atomizer, carburetor, filter pump, lift on aircraft wings, aerodynamic design, and real-life applications of fluid mechanics.

The MCQs are organized into four progressive sections:

100 Basic Conceptual MCQs – Build a strong foundation with essential concepts, definitions, principles, laws, and formulas.

100 Advanced & Numerical MCQs – Strengthen your calculation, analytical thinking, and application-based problem-solving skills through challenging numerical and conceptual questions.

50 Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) MCQs – Challenge yourself with conceptual reasoning, real-life applications, assertion-reason questions, engineering scenarios, and competitive exam-level problems.

50 Challenging MCQs Quiz with Answers (1–50) – A carefully selected mix of conceptual, numerical, and HOTS questions designed for quick revision, self-assessment, and complete exam preparation.

Every MCQ Includes:

✔ Four carefully designed answer options

✔ Instant correct answer

✔ Detailed concept-based explanation

✔ Exam-focused learning approach

This collection is ideal for Board Exams, FBISE, ECAT, MDCAT, NTS, PIEAS, GIKI, UET, FAST, NUST, and other competitive entrance examinations. By practicing these 250 MCQs and the Top 50 Challenging MCQs Quiz, you will develop a strong understanding of fluid mechanics, improve your numerical problem-solving ability, enhance logical reasoning, and gain the confidence needed to excel in objective-type Physics examinations.

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Fluid Dynamics NCQs (Level 3)– Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) MCQs (MCQs 201–250)

MCQs No. 201

Water flows through a horizontal pipe that gradually becomes narrower. Which statement best explains why the pressure decreases in the narrower section?

a. The density of water decreases in the narrow section.

b. The increase in velocity converts pressure energy into kinetic energy.

c. Gravity pulls the water downward.

d. The mass of water decreases in the narrow section.

The Correct Answer is option b. The increase in velocity converts pressure energy into kinetic energy.

Explanation:
According to Bernoulli's principle, as the velocity of an ideal fluid increases, part of its pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy. Therefore, pressure decreases while velocity increases.

MCQs No. 202

Two identical tanks contain water at different heights. The first tank has a water depth of 4 m, while the second has a depth of 16 m. Which statement is correct?

a. The speed of efflux from the second tank is twice that of the first.

b. The speed of efflux is four times greater.

c. Both tanks have the same efflux speed.

d. The second tank has half the efflux speed.

The Correct Answer is option a. The speed of efflux from the second tank is twice that of the first.

Explanation:
According to Torricelli's theorem,

v=\sqrt{2gh}

Since the depth becomes four times greater, the speed increases by √4 = 2.

MCQs No. 203

An engineer wants to increase the discharge of water through a pipe without changing the velocity. Which quantity should be increased?

a. Density

b. Cross-sectional area

c. Viscosity

d. Pressure only

The Correct Answer is option b. Cross-sectional area.

Explanation:
Volume flow rate is

Q=Av

If velocity remains constant, increasing the area increases the discharge.

MCQs No. 204

A student claims that increasing the viscosity of a liquid increases its Reynolds number. Which statement is correct?

a. The student is correct because viscosity increases fluid motion.

b. The student is incorrect because Reynolds number is inversely proportional to viscosity.

c. Reynolds number is independent of viscosity.

d. Reynolds number depends only on density.

The Correct Answer is option b. The student is incorrect because Reynolds number is inversely proportional to viscosity.

Explanation:
Reynolds number is

Re=\frac{\rho vd}{\eta}

Increasing viscosity decreases Reynolds number.

MCQs No. 205

A skydiver reaches terminal velocity while falling. Which statement best explains why the acceleration becomes zero?

a. Gravity disappears.

b. Drag force becomes greater than weight.

c. Drag force balances the effective weight.

d. Air pressure becomes zero.

The Correct Answer is option c. Drag force balances the effective weight.

Explanation:
When drag force equals the effective weight, the resultant force becomes zero, so the skydiver continues to move with constant velocity.

MCQs No. 206

Two pipes carry the same liquid. Pipe A has twice the diameter of Pipe B. If both carry the same volume flow rate, the velocity in Pipe B is:

a. Twice that in Pipe A

b. Four times that in Pipe A

c. Half that in Pipe A

d. One-fourth that in Pipe A

The Correct Answer is option b. Four times that in Pipe A.

Explanation:
The cross-sectional area is proportional to the square of the diameter. Halving the diameter reduces the area to one-fourth, so the velocity becomes four times greater.

MCQs No. 207

An aircraft wing is redesigned so that air flows much faster over its upper surface. What is the most likely result?

a. Lift decreases.

b. Lift remains unchanged.

c. Lift increases because pressure above the wing decreases.

d. Weight of the aircraft decreases.

The Correct Answer is option c. Lift increases because pressure above the wing decreases.

Explanation:
According to Bernoulli's principle, faster airflow produces lower pressure, increasing the pressure difference responsible for lift.

MCQs No. 208

A sphere falls through two different liquids. The first liquid has twice the viscosity of the second. Assuming all other quantities remain the same, the terminal velocity in the first liquid will be:

a. Twice as large

b. Half as large

c. Four times as large

d. Unchanged

The Correct Answer is option b. Half as large.

Explanation:
Terminal velocity is inversely proportional to viscosity. Doubling the viscosity halves the terminal velocity.

MCQs No. 209

A racing car is redesigned with a highly streamlined body. Which combination of effects is expected?

a. Increased drag and lower speed

b. Reduced drag and improved fuel efficiency

c. Increased weight and lower acceleration

d. Increased turbulence around the car

The Correct Answer is option b. Reduced drag and improved fuel efficiency.

Explanation:
A streamlined shape minimizes air resistance, allowing the car to travel faster while consuming less fuel.

MCQs No. 210

A student observes that water emerging from a narrow nozzle travels farther than water from a wide nozzle connected to the same hose. What is the best explanation?

a. The narrow nozzle increases the pressure of the water.

b. The narrow nozzle increases the velocity of the water.

c. The density of water increases.

d. Gravity becomes weaker.

The Correct Answer is option b. The narrow nozzle increases the velocity of the water.

Explanation:
Reducing the outlet area increases the velocity according to the continuity equation, allowing the water to travel farther.

MCQs No. 211

Two identical pipes carry the same liquid. Pipe A has a larger diameter than Pipe B. If both have the same volume flow rate, which statement is correct?

a. Pressure is higher in Pipe B because its velocity is greater.

b. Velocity is greater in Pipe B and its pressure is lower.

c. Velocity is the same in both pipes.

d. Pressure is independent of velocity.

The Correct Answer is option b. Velocity is greater in Pipe B and its pressure is lower.

Explanation:
According to the continuity equation, the smaller pipe has a higher fluid velocity. Bernoulli's principle states that higher velocity corresponds to lower pressure.

MCQs No. 212

A doctor notices turbulent blood flow in a patient's artery. The most probable reason is that the blood velocity has:

a. Decreased below the critical velocity.

b. Become zero.

c. Exceeded the critical velocity.

d. Become independent of viscosity.

The Correct Answer is option c. Exceeded the critical velocity.

Explanation:
When blood velocity exceeds the critical value, the Reynolds number increases and the flow changes from laminar to turbulent.

MCQs No. 213

An engineer wants to reduce the drag force acting on a high-speed train. Which modification would be most effective?

a. Increase the roughness of its surface.

b. Increase its frontal area.

c. Give it a streamlined shape.

d. Increase its mass.

The Correct Answer is option c. Give it a streamlined shape.

Explanation:
A streamlined design reduces turbulence and flow separation, thereby minimizing drag.

MCQs No. 214

A tank contains water at a depth of 9 m. If another identical tank contains water at a depth of 36 m, the ratio of their efflux speeds is:

a. 1 : 2

b. 1 : 3

c. 1 : 4

d. 1 : 9

The Correct Answer is option a. 1 : 2

Explanation:
According to Torricelli's theorem,

v\propto\sqrt{h}

Therefore,

\sqrt{9}:\sqrt{36}=3:6=1:2.

MCQs No. 215

A skydiver replaces a small parachute with a much larger one. Which statement best explains the resulting decrease in terminal velocity?

a. The weight of the skydiver decreases.

b. Air density decreases.

c. Drag force increases because of the larger surface area.

d. Gravity becomes weaker.

The Correct Answer is option c. Drag force increases because of the larger surface area.

Explanation:
A larger parachute increases air resistance, allowing the drag force to balance the weight at a much lower speed.

MCQs No. 216

Which of the following changes would produce the greatest increase in Reynolds number?

a. Doubling viscosity.

b. Halving velocity.

c. Doubling both velocity and pipe diameter.

d. Halving density.

The Correct Answer is option c. Doubling both velocity and pipe diameter.

Explanation:
Reynolds number is directly proportional to both velocity and pipe diameter and inversely proportional to viscosity.

MCQs No. 217

A Venturi meter is installed incorrectly with its wider and narrower sections interchanged. What would be the most likely consequence?

a. The pressure difference would disappear.

b. Incorrect flow-rate measurements would be obtained.

c. The continuity equation would no longer apply.

d. The liquid would stop flowing.

The Correct Answer is option b. Incorrect flow-rate measurements would be obtained.

Explanation:
The Venturi meter relies on the correct pressure difference produced by the narrowing of the pipe. Incorrect installation gives inaccurate readings.

MCQs No. 218

A sphere falls through two different liquids of equal density. Liquid X has lower viscosity than Liquid Y. Which statement is correct?

a. Terminal velocity is greater in Liquid X.

b. Terminal velocity is greater in Liquid Y.

c. Terminal velocity is the same in both.

d. Terminal velocity depends only on density.

The Correct Answer is option a. Terminal velocity is greater in Liquid X.

Explanation:
Lower viscosity produces less drag, allowing the sphere to attain a higher terminal velocity.

MCQs No. 219

A student says that pressure always decreases whenever a fluid flows. Why is this statement incorrect?

a. Pressure is unrelated to fluid motion.

b. Pressure depends only on density.

c. Pressure decreases only where the fluid speed increases under Bernoulli's conditions.

d. Pressure always increases in moving fluids.

The Correct Answer is option c. Pressure decreases only where the fluid speed increases under Bernoulli's conditions.

Explanation:
Pressure does not always decrease during flow. It decreases specifically where fluid velocity increases in steady, ideal flow.

MCQs No. 220

An aircraft is taking off. Which combination of physical principles mainly explains its lift?

a. Newton's Second Law only

b. Continuity equation only

c. Bernoulli's principle together with faster airflow over the wing

d. Archimedes' principle only

The Correct Answer is option c. Bernoulli's principle together with faster airflow over the wing.

Explanation:
The curved aerofoil causes air to move faster over the upper surface, reducing pressure and producing lift.

MCQs No. 221

Assertion (A): A streamlined body experiences less drag than a blunt body.

Reason (R): A streamlined body reduces turbulence and flow separation.

a. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.

c. A is true, but R is false.

d. A is false, but R is true.

The Correct Answer is option a. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation:
Streamlining minimizes eddies and turbulence, thereby reducing drag.

MCQs No. 222

Assertion (A): The velocity of a fluid increases in a narrower pipe.

Reason (R): The continuity equation requires the volume flow rate to remain constant for incompressible flow.

a. Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.

c. A is true, but R is false.

d. A is false, but R is true.

The Correct Answer is option a. Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

Explanation:
For incompressible fluids, a decrease in area must be compensated by an increase in velocity.

MCQs No. 223

Assertion (A): Dynamic pressure increases with increasing velocity.

Reason (R): Dynamic pressure is proportional to the square of the velocity.

a. Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.

c. A is true, but R is false.

d. A is false, but R is true.

The Correct Answer is option a. Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

Explanation:
Dynamic pressure is given by

\frac{1}{2}\rho v^2,

so it increases as the square of the velocity.

MCQs No. 224

Assertion (A): Increasing viscosity reduces Reynolds number.

Reason (R): Reynolds number is inversely proportional to the coefficient of viscosity.

a. Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.

c. A is true, but R is false.

d. A is false, but R is true.

The Correct Answer is option a. Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

Explanation:
Higher viscosity increases internal friction, reducing Reynolds number.

MCQs No. 225

Assertion (A): A parachute reduces the landing speed of a skydiver.

Reason (R): The parachute greatly increases the drag force acting on the skydiver.

a. Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.

c. A is true, but R is false.

d. A is false, but R is true.

The Correct Answer is option a. Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

Explanation:
A larger drag force allows terminal velocity to be reached at a much lower speed, making landing safer.

MCQs No. 226

A Formula One engineer wants to reduce aerodynamic drag without changing the engine power. Which modification is the best choice?

a. Increase the frontal area.

b. Increase surface roughness.

c. Improve the streamlined design.

d. Increase vehicle weight.

The Correct Answer is option c. Improve the streamlined design.

Explanation:
A better streamlined shape reduces air resistance, improving speed and efficiency without increasing engine power.

MCQs No. 227

During a storm, the roof of a poorly ventilated house is lifted upward. Which explanation is most appropriate?

a. The roof becomes lighter.

b. Fast-moving air above the roof lowers the external pressure.

c. Gravity decreases during storms.

d. Atmospheric pressure becomes zero.

The Correct Answer is option b. Fast-moving air above the roof lowers the external pressure.

Explanation:
The higher pressure inside the house pushes the roof upward because the outside pressure decreases.

MCQs No. 228

An oil pipeline is redesigned with a larger diameter while maintaining the same discharge. What happens to the average speed of oil?

a. It increases.

b. It decreases.

c. It remains constant.

d. It becomes zero.

The Correct Answer is option b. It decreases.

Explanation:
According to the continuity equation, increasing the cross-sectional area decreases the velocity for the same flow rate.

MCQs No. 229

A sphere is dropped simultaneously into water and glycerin. Assuming equal densities but different viscosities, in which liquid will the sphere reach terminal velocity first?

a. Water

b. Glycerin

c. Both at the same time

d. Cannot be determined

The Correct Answer is option b. Glycerin.

Explanation:
Because glycerin has much higher viscosity, drag builds up more rapidly, so the sphere reaches terminal velocity sooner.

MCQs No. 230

Which statement best summarizes the relationship among the continuity equation, Bernoulli's principle, and practical fluid devices?

a. They are independent and unrelated.

b. The continuity equation determines velocity changes, while Bernoulli's principle relates those velocity changes to pressure differences.

c. Bernoulli's principle replaces the continuity equation completely.

d. Both equations apply only to gases.

The Correct Answer is option b. The continuity equation determines velocity changes, while Bernoulli's principle relates those velocity changes to pressure differences.

Explanation:
Devices such as Venturi meters, atomizers, carburetors, and aerofoils rely on the continuity equation to explain velocity changes and Bernoulli's principle to explain the resulting pressure differences.

MCQs No. 231

Two identical water tanks have outlet holes at the same height. Tank A contains water up to 4 m above the hole, while Tank B contains water up to 9 m. The ratio of the speeds of efflux from Tanks A and B is:

a. 2 : 3

b. 3 : 2

c. 4 : 9

d. 9 : 4

The Correct Answer is option a. 2 : 3

Explanation:
According to Torricelli's theorem,

v \propto \sqrt{h}

Therefore,

v_A : v_B = \sqrt{4} : \sqrt{9} = 2 : 3.

MCQs No. 232

A fluid flows through a pipe whose diameter gradually decreases. Which sequence correctly describes the changes in the fluid?

a. Velocity decreases, pressure decreases.

b. Velocity increases, pressure increases.

c. Velocity increases, pressure decreases.

d. Velocity remains constant, pressure decreases.

The Correct Answer is option c. Velocity increases, pressure decreases.

Explanation:
The continuity equation causes the velocity to increase, while Bernoulli's principle predicts a corresponding decrease in pressure.

MCQs No. 233

An engineer wants to maintain laminar flow in an oil pipeline. Which action is most effective?

a. Increase the flow velocity.

b. Increase the pipe diameter.

c. Reduce the flow velocity.

d. Decrease the viscosity of the oil.

The Correct Answer is option c. Reduce the flow velocity.

Explanation:
Reducing velocity lowers the Reynolds number, making laminar flow more likely.

MCQs No. 234

Which of the following combinations will produce the greatest Reynolds number?

a. High viscosity and low velocity

b. Low density and small diameter

c. High density, high velocity, and large diameter

d. High viscosity and small diameter

The Correct Answer is option c. High density, high velocity, and large diameter.

Explanation:
Reynolds number increases with density, velocity, and diameter but decreases with viscosity.

MCQs No. 235

A skydiver falls first without a parachute and then with a parachute. Which graph correctly represents the terminal velocity in the two cases?

a. Same terminal velocity in both cases

b. Higher terminal velocity with the parachute

c. Lower terminal velocity with the parachute

d. Zero terminal velocity with the parachute

The Correct Answer is option c. Lower terminal velocity with the parachute.

Explanation:
The parachute increases drag force, allowing the skydiver to reach equilibrium at a much lower speed.

MCQs No. 236

A student claims that Bernoulli's equation can be applied to every flowing liquid regardless of viscosity. Which statement is correct?

a. The claim is completely correct.

b. Bernoulli's equation applies only to ideal fluids under steady flow.

c. Bernoulli's equation applies only to gases.

d. Bernoulli's equation applies only to turbulent flow.

The Correct Answer is option b. Bernoulli's equation applies only to ideal fluids under steady flow.

Explanation:
Bernoulli's equation assumes steady, incompressible, and non-viscous flow along a streamline.

MCQs No. 237

Which engineering application mainly uses both the continuity equation and Bernoulli's principle simultaneously?

a. Hydraulic press

b. Venturi meter

c. Screw jack

d. Lever

The Correct Answer is option b. Venturi meter.

Explanation:
The continuity equation predicts the increase in velocity at the throat, while Bernoulli's principle relates this increase to the pressure drop.

MCQs No. 238

A cyclist bends forward while riding at high speed. The main purpose is to:

a. Increase gravitational force.

b. Increase friction with the road.

c. Reduce aerodynamic drag.

d. Increase air pressure in front.

The Correct Answer is option c. Reduce aerodynamic drag.

Explanation:
Bending forward presents a smaller effective frontal area to the airflow, reducing drag.

MCQs No. 239

During heavy winds, roofs may be blown off buildings because:

a. Wind increases the pressure above the roof.

b. Wind decreases the pressure above the roof.

c. Gravity decreases.

d. Air density becomes zero.

The Correct Answer is option b. Wind decreases the pressure above the roof.

Explanation:
Fast-moving air above the roof lowers the external pressure, while the relatively higher pressure inside pushes the roof upward.

MCQs No. 240

Which modification would most effectively increase the lift produced by an aircraft wing?

a. Reduce the airspeed over the upper surface.

b. Increase the airspeed over the upper surface.

c. Make the wing perfectly flat.

d. Increase the aircraft's weight.

The Correct Answer is option b. Increase the airspeed over the upper surface.

Explanation:
A higher speed above the wing lowers pressure and increases the lift force according to Bernoulli's principle.

MCQs No. 241

Assertion (A): The continuity equation expresses the conservation of mass in fluid flow.

Reason (R): For an incompressible fluid, the mass entering a pipe equals the mass leaving it each second.

a. Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.

c. A is true, but R is false.

d. A is false, but R is true.

The Correct Answer is option a. Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

Explanation:
The continuity equation is a direct consequence of the conservation of mass.

MCQs No. 242

Assertion (A): Streamlined vehicles consume less fuel.

Reason (R): Streamlining reduces drag force acting on the vehicle.

a. Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.

c. A is true, but R is false.

d. A is false, but R is true.

The Correct Answer is option a. Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

Explanation:
Lower drag means less energy is required to overcome air resistance, improving fuel efficiency.

MCQs No. 243

Assertion (A): Increasing the viscosity of a liquid decreases its terminal velocity.

Reason (R): Greater viscosity produces a larger drag force on a moving object.

a. Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.

c. A is true, but R is false.

d. A is false, but R is true.

The Correct Answer is option a. Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

Explanation:
Greater viscosity increases drag, so the object reaches equilibrium at a lower terminal velocity.

MCQs No. 244

Assertion (A): An atomizer sprays perfume into fine droplets.

Reason (R): Fast-moving air creates a region of lower pressure that draws the liquid upward.

a. Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.

c. A is true, but R is false.

d. A is false, but R is true.

The Correct Answer is option a. Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

Explanation:
The pressure difference produced by fast-moving air lifts the liquid and breaks it into tiny droplets.

MCQs No. 245

Assertion (A): A larger pipe diameter reduces the average speed of a fluid for the same discharge.

Reason (R): Velocity is inversely proportional to cross-sectional area for incompressible flow.

a. Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.

c. A is true, but R is false.

d. A is false, but R is true.

The Correct Answer is option a. Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

Explanation:
According to the continuity equation, increasing the area decreases the velocity when the flow rate remains constant.

MCQs No. 246

A Formula One car uses carefully designed aerodynamic features mainly to:

a. Increase drag for higher speed.

b. Control airflow and optimize aerodynamic forces.

c. Increase engine temperature.

d. Reduce tyre friction.

The Correct Answer is option b. Control airflow and optimize aerodynamic forces.

Explanation:
Modern racing cars use aerodynamic designs to manage airflow, reducing unwanted drag while producing the desired aerodynamic effects.

MCQs No. 247

A pipeline suddenly narrows. Which statement best explains why cavitation may occur near the narrow section?

a. The pressure may fall below the liquid's vapour pressure.

b. The density suddenly becomes zero.

c. The viscosity disappears.

d. Gravity becomes stronger.

The Correct Answer is option a. The pressure may fall below the liquid's vapour pressure.

Explanation:
A large pressure drop caused by increased velocity can allow vapour bubbles to form, leading to cavitation.

MCQs No. 248

A chemical engineer wants to transport a highly viscous liquid through a pipe while maintaining laminar flow. Which combination is most appropriate?

a. High velocity and small diameter

b. Low velocity and moderate pipe diameter

c. High velocity and large diameter

d. Very low viscosity and high velocity

The Correct Answer is option b. Low velocity and moderate pipe diameter.

Explanation:
Keeping the velocity low helps maintain a small Reynolds number, preserving laminar flow.

MCQs No. 249

A pilot notices that increasing the aircraft's speed also increases the lift produced by the wings. Which principle primarily explains this observation?

a. Pascal's law

b. Bernoulli's principle

c. Hooke's law

d. Coulomb's law

The Correct Answer is option b. Bernoulli's principle.

Explanation:
Higher airflow speed over the wings lowers the pressure above them, increasing the lift force.

MCQs No. 250

A student is asked to summarize the fundamental ideas of Fluid Dynamics. Which statement is the most comprehensive?

a. Fluid flow depends only on pressure.

b. Fluid motion is explained by the conservation of mass, conservation of energy, viscosity, and drag effects.

c. Only Bernoulli's principle is required to explain all fluid phenomena.

d. Only viscosity determines fluid motion.

The Correct Answer is option b. Fluid motion is explained by the conservation of mass, conservation of energy, viscosity, and drag effects.

Explanation:
Fluid Dynamics combines several fundamental concepts, including the continuity equation (conservation of mass), Bernoulli's equation (conservation of energy), viscosity, Reynolds number, drag force, terminal velocity, and practical engineering applications. Together, these principles explain the behavior of fluids in both natural and technological systems.